Table 1.
Perinatal, sociodemographic, child enrichment, and neighborhood characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | Public hospital (n = 198) | Private hospital (n = 253) |
|---|---|---|
| Perinatal | ||
| Male sex* | 111 (56.1) | 113 (44.7) |
| Gestational age <37 weeks | 18 (9.1) | 20 (8.2) |
| Birth weight <2500 grams** | 66 (33.3) | 49 (19.4) |
| Small-for-gestational-age | 131 (66.2) | 152 (60.1) |
| Reported smoking any cigarettes in pregnancy# | 65 (32.8) | 41 (16.2) |
| Reported drinking any alcohol in pregnancy | ||
| Any trimester | 100 (50.5) | 134 (53.0) |
| 1st trimester* | 92 (46.4) | 108 (42.7) |
| 2nd trimester** | 51 (25.8) | 37 (14.6) |
| 3rd trimester | 45 (22.7) | 61 (24.1) |
| Maternal age# | ||
| <20 years | 55 (27.8) | 4 (1.6) |
| 20–34 years | 130 (65.7) | 198 (78.3) |
| ≥35 years | 13 (6.6) | 51 (20.2) |
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Marital status# | ||
| Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 175 (88.4) | 21 (8.3) |
| Married/living with a partner | 23 (11.6) | 232 (91.7) |
| Maternal education# | ||
| < High school | 85 (42.9) | 5 (2.0) |
| HS graduate | 74 (37.4) | 26 (10.3) |
| Some college/technical school | 36 (18.2) | 75 (29.6) |
| College graduate | 3 (1.5) | 147 (58.1) |
| Annual household income# | ||
| <10,000 | 116 (58.6) | 5 (2.0) |
| 10,000–24,999 | 58 (29.3) | 14 (5.5) |
| 25,000–54,999 | 23 (11.6) | 98 (38.7) |
| ≥55,000 | 1 (0.5) | 136 (53.8) |
| SES score-tertiles# | ||
| 0–2 | 167 (84.3) | 11 (4.4) |
| 3–4 | 31 (15.7) | 71 (28.1) |
| 5–6 | 0 | 171 (67.6) |
| Child enrichment | ||
| Reading aloud to child# | ||
| Never | 4 (2.0) | 1 (0.4) |
| Several times a year | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
| Several times a month | 20 (10.1) | 7 (2.8) |
| Once a week | 57 (28.8) | 16 (6.3) |
| At least three times a week (median) | 67 (33.8) | 82 (32.4) |
| Daily | 49 (24.8) | 147 (58.1) |
| Children’s books in the home# | ||
| None | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
| 1–5 | 33 (16.5) | 1 (0.4) |
| 6–10 | 52 (26.3) | 5 (2.0) |
| 11–20 (median) | 38 (19.2) | 15 (5.9) |
| 20–49 | 43 (21.7) | 48 (19.0) |
| At least 50 | 31 (15.7) | 184 (72.7) |
| Children’s records/tapes/CDs in the home# | ||
| None | 47 (23.7) | 7 (2.8) |
| 1–2 | 42 (21.2) | 9 (3.6) |
| 3–4 | 49 (24.8) | 40 (15.8) |
| 5–10 (median) | 32 (16.2) | 90 (35.6) |
| More than 10 | 28 (14.1) | 107 (42.3) |
| Children’s puzzles in the home# | ||
| None | 49 (24.8) | 14 (5.5) |
| 1–2 | 50 (25.2) | 14 (5.5) |
| 3–4 | 53 (26.8) | 23 (9.1) |
| 5–10 (median) | 41 (20.7) | 104 (41.1) |
| More than 10 | 5 (2.5) | 98 (38.7) |
| Children’s activities outside the home# | ||
| None | 82 (41.4) | 29 (11.5) |
| 1 (median) | 78 (39.4) | 60 (23.7) |
| ≥2 | 38 (19.2) | 164 (64.8) |
| Home enrichment score (tertiles)# | ||
| 0–1 | 125 (63.1) | 22 (8.7) |
| 2–4 | 65 (32.8) | 84 (33.2) |
| 5 | 8 (4.0) | 147 (58.1) |
| Preschool attendance–current or past# | 126 (63.6) | 207 (81.8) |
| Neighborhood problems | ||
| Litter or garbage in the street# (n = 1 missing) | ||
| Little problem | 51 (25.9) | 20 (7.9) |
| Big problem | 21 (10.7) | 2 (0.8) |
| Excessive public drinking# (n = 1 missing) | ||
| Little problem | 34 (17.3) | 8 (3.2) |
| Big problem | 38 (19.3) | 1 (0.4) |
| Groups of youths causing trouble# (n = 1 missing) | ||
| Little problem | 42 (21.3) | 24 (9.5) |
| Big problem | 30 (15.2) | 0 |
| Burglary# (n = 1 missing) | ||
| Little problem | 42 (21.3) | 33 (13.0) |
| Big problem | 19 (9.6) | 1 (0.4) |
| Religious/ethnic strife# (n = 1 missing) | ||
| Little problem | 19 (9.6) | 1 (0.4) |
| Big problem | 4 (2.0) | 0 |
| Using or selling drugs# (n = 5 missing) | ||
| Little problem | 43 (22.2) | 6 (2.4) |
| Big problem | 56 (28.9) | 3 (1.2) |
| Neighborhood problem score# | ||
| 0 | 64 (32.3) | 188 (74.3) |
| 1 | 37 (18.7) | 37 (14.6) |
| ≥2 | 93 (47.0) | 27 (10.7) |
| Missing | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) |
*
p < 0.05 for difference by public/private hospital.
**
p < 0.01 for difference by public/private hospital.
#
p < 0.0001 for difference by public/private hospital.