Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Pathogenic molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Abbreviations: AGE, Advanced glycation end-product; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NAD+, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidised); NADH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced); NADPH, Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced); O2, Oxygen; PARP, Poly ADP ribose polymerase; PKC, Protein kinase C; ROS, Reative oxygen species.
