Table 2. Characteristics of patients in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae analyses, stratified by exposure to bloodstream infection in 10 European hospitals, 2010–2011 (n = 606,649a).
| Characteristic | Staphylococcus aureus analysis | Enterobacteriaceae analysis | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRSA BSI | MSSA BSI | Non-infected | 3GCRE BSI | 3GCSE BSI | Non-infected | |||||||
| n = 163 | n = 885 | n = 604,797 | n = 360 | n = 2,100 | n = 603,972 | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Male sex | 98 | 60.1 | 529 | 59.8 | 286,857 | 47.4 | 206 | 57.2 | 1,051 | 50.0 | 286,492 | 47.4 |
| Median age at enrolment (IQR) | 71 (59–81) |
63 (45–76) |
49 (28–69) |
70 (58–78) |
70 (56–80) |
49 (27–69) |
||||||
| Hospitalisation in the previous 12 months | ||||||||||||
| Two or more admissions | 15 | 9.2 | 40 | 4.5 | 15,708 | 2.6 | 23 | 6.4 | 112 | 5.3 | 15,660 | 2.6 |
| Two or more nights hospitalised | 24 | 14.7 | 72 | 8.1 | 37,468 | 6.2 | 46 | 12.8 | 229 | 10.9 | 37,354 | 6.2 |
| Admission details | ||||||||||||
| Emergent admission | 111 | 68.1 | 639 | 72.2 | 282,382 | 46.7 | 217 | 60.3 | 1,588 | 75.6 | 281,844 | 46.7 |
| Provenance | ||||||||||||
| Home | 134 | 82.2 | 734 | 82.9 | 500,693 | 82.8 | 303 | 84.2 | 1,848 | 88.0 | 499,942 | 82.8 |
| Transfer from other hospital | 16 | 9.8 | 73 | 8.2 | 16,930 | 2.8 | 21 | 5.8 | 75 | 3.6 | 16,927 | 2.8 |
| Transfer from non-acute ward | 2 | 1.2 | 11 | 1.2 | 2,722 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 26 | 1.2 | 2,713 | 0.4 |
| Born this episode | 3 | 1.8 | 7 | 0.8 | 47,414 | 7.8 | 3 | 0.8 | 29 | 1.4 | 47,397 | 7.8 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 8 | 4.9 | 50 | 5.6 | 15,192 | 2.5 | 10 | 2.8 | 97 | 4.6 | 15,160 | 2.5 |
| Congestive heart failure | 29 | 17.8 | 109 | 12.3 | 22,935 | 3.8 | 32 | 8.9 | 195 | 9.3 | 22,886 | 3.8 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 17 | 10.4 | 65 | 7.3 | 16,515 | 2.7 | 9 | 2.5 | 89 | 4.2 | 16,509 | 2.7 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 14 | 8.6 | 77 | 8.7 | 22,908 | 3.8 | 27 | 7.5 | 165 | 7.9 | 22,836 | 3.8 |
| Dementia | 9 | 5.5 | 14 | 1.6 | 5,759 | 1.0 | 7 | 1.9 | 64 | 3.0 | 5,743 | 1.0 |
| COPD | 7 | 4.3 | 40 | 4.5 | 25,701 | 4.2 | 16 | 4.4 | 112 | 5.3 | 25,647 | 4.2 |
| Connective tissue disease | 2 | 1.2 | 19 | 2.1 | 5,123 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.6 | 31 | 1.5 | 5,124 | 0.8 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1 | 0.6 | 15 | 1.7 | 2,527 | 0.4 | 7 | 1.9 | 27 | 1.3 | 2,513 | 0.4 |
| Mild liver disease | 9 | 5.5 | 76 | 8.6 | 12,541 | 2.1 | 31 | 8.6 | 150 | 7.1 | 12,478 | 2.1 |
| Diabetes without end-organ damage | 23 | 14.1 | 127 | 14.4 | 38,004 | 6.3 | 28 | 7.8 | 255 | 12.1 | 37,937 | 6.3 |
| Diabetes with end-organ damage | 7 | 4.3 | 37 | 4.2 | 7,901 | 1.3 | 7 | 1.9 | 60 | 2.9 | 7,886 | 1.3 |
| Haemiplegia or paraplegia | 6 | 3.7 | 44 | 5.0 | 7,374 | 1.2 | 12 | 3.3 | 55 | 2.6 | 7,363 | 1.2 |
| Renal disease | 26 | 16.0 | 110 | 12.4 | 21,309 | 3.5 | 30 | 8.3 | 233 | 11.1 | 21,231 | 3.5 |
| Neoplasia | 13 | 8.0 | 79 | 8.9 | 43,830 | 7.2 | 45 | 12.5 | 277 | 13.2 | 43,641 | 7.2 |
| Metastatic cancer | 2 | 1.2 | 35 | 4.0 | 16,393 | 2.7 | 24 | 6.7 | 119 | 5.7 | 16,302 | 2.7 |
| Liver diseases | 2 | 1.2 | 31 | 3.5 | 3,047 | 0.5 | 11 | 3.1 | 49 | 2.3 | 3,030 | 0.5 |
| HIV | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 1.4 | 1,277 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.3 | 17 | 0.8 | 1,271 | 0.2 |
| Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 4 (3–5) |
3 (1–5) |
1 (0–3) |
4 (2–5) |
4 (2–5) |
1 (0–3) |
||||||
| Primary diagnosis category | ||||||||||||
| Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | 20 | 12.3 | 132 | 14.9 | 13,216 | 2.2 | 53 | 14.7 | 411 | 19.6 | 13,060 | 2.2 |
| Neoplasms | 10 | 6.1 | 61 | 6.9 | 56,345 | 9.3 | 41 | 11.4 | 225 | 10.7 | 56,165 | 9.3 |
| Blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism | 1 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.7 | 4,400 | 0.7 | 4 | 1.1 | 9 | 0.4 | 4,399 | 0.7 |
| Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | 7 | 4.3 | 16 | 1.8 | 14,320 | 2.4 | 4 | 1.1 | 23 | 1.1 | 14,320 | 2.4 |
| Mental and behavioural disorders | 1 | 0.6 | 5 | 0.6 | 6,270 | 1.0 | 7 | 1.9 | 17 | 0.8 | 6,255 | 1.0 |
| Nervous system, eye and adnexa, ear and mastoid process | 3 | 1.8 | 34 | 3.8 | 40,844 | 6.8 | 5 | 1.4 | 24 | 1.1 | 40,848 | 6.8 |
| Circulatory system | 35 | 21.5 | 201 | 22.7 | 80,361 | 13.3 | 53 | 14.7 | 221 | 10.5 | 80,324 | 13.3 |
| Respiratory system | 5 | 3.1 | 34 | 3.8 | 33,426 | 5.5 | 21 | 5.8 | 88 | 4.2 | 33,377 | 5.5 |
| Digestive system | 13 | 8.0 | 51 | 5.8 | 44,350 | 7.3 | 45 | 12.5 | 322 | 15.3 | 44,175 | 7.3 |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue | 3 | 1.8 | 29 | 3.3 | 9,597 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.3 | 18 | 0.9 | 9,607 | 1.6 |
| Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | 14 | 8.6 | 91 | 10.3 | 33,452 | 5.5 | 7 | 1.9 | 21 | 1.0 | 33,513 | 5.5 |
| Genitourinary system | 9 | 5.5 | 28 | 3.2 | 30,257 | 5.0 | 37 | 10.3 | 365 | 17.4 | 30,107 | 5.0 |
| Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 0.9 | 54,785 | 9.1 | 3 | 0.8 | 42 | 2.0 | 54,758 | 9.1 |
| Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period | 2 | 1.2 | 6 | 0.7 | 18,641 | 3.1 | 2 | 0.6 | 28 | 1.3 | 18,624 | 3.1 |
| Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities | 2 | 1.2 | 7 | 0.8 | 12,357 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 16 | 0.8 | 12,350 | 2.0 |
| Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified | 3 | 1.8 | 33 | 3.7 | 23,985 | 4.0 | 9 | 2.5 | 80 | 3.8 | 23,963 | 4.0 |
| Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | 34 | 20.9 | 127 | 14.4 | 79,622 | 13.2 | 63 | 17.5 | 169 | 8.0 | 79,565 | 13.2 |
| External causes of morbidity and mortality | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.3 | 85 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 87 | 0.0 |
| Factors influencing health status and contact with health services | 1 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.2 | 47,551 | 7.9 | 4 | 1.1 | 15 | 0.7 | 47,536 | 7.9 |
| Epidemiological classification of BSI | ||||||||||||
| Hospital onset | 101 | 62.0 | 434 | 49.0 | NA | 214 | 59.4 | 780 | 37.1 | NA | ||
| Community onset | 62 | 38.0 | 451 | 51.0 | NA | 146 | 40.6 | 1,320 | 62.9 | NA | ||
| Interventions prior to BSI | ||||||||||||
| Surgical procedure | 39 | 23.9 | 243 | 27.5 | 246,485 | 40.8 | 112 | 31.1 | 462 | 22.0 | 246,180 | 40.8 |
| ICU admission | 52 | 31.9 | 258 | 29.2 | 43,307 | 7.2 | 112 | 31.1 | 434 | 20.7 | 43,068 | 7.1 |
BSI: bloodstream infection; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range; MRSA/MSSA: meticillin-resistant/susceptible Staphylococcus aureus; NA: not applicable; 3GCRE/3GCSE: third-generation cephalosporin-resistant/susceptible Enterobacteriaceae.
a Patients experiencing BSI caused by Enterobacteriaceae were censored from the S. aureus analysis on the day of the Enterobactericeae BSI. Patients experiencing BSI caused by Enterobacteriaceae on the day of admission were therefore excluded from the S. aureus analysis. The inverse applies for the Enterobacteriaceae analysis.