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. 2016 Apr 7;2(2):170–172. doi: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.002675

Table 1. Study population characteristics in relation to lifetime maternal history of diagnosed vitamin D deficiency.

Maternal history of vitamin D deficiency

Characteristic No Yes P All
Individuals, n (%) 509 092 (99.9) 547 (0.1) 509 639 (100.0)

Cases of ASD with intellectual disability, n (%) 2463 (0.5) 13 (2.4) <0.0001 2476 (0.5)

Cases of ASD without intellectual disability, n (%) 7396 (1.4) 10 (1.8) 0.46 7406 (1.4)

Male (%) 51.3 52.6 0.51 51.3

Maternal age, years: mean 29.9 28.5 <0.0001 29.9

Paternal age, years: mean 32.8 34.0 <0.0001 32.8

Maternal country of birth (%)
 Sweden 76.3 19.2 <0.0001 76.2
 Europe 8.3 4.6 0.002 8.3
 Outside Europe 12.8 38.9 <0.0001 12.9
 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.6 37.3 <0.0001 2.6

Lowest quintile of disposable family income (%) 14.8 35.6 <0.0001 14.8

Elementary maternal education (%) 15.6 43.1 <0.0001 15.6

Elementary paternal education (%) 16.8 32.7 <0.0001 16.8

Born small for gestational age (%) 2.5 3.7 0.09 2.5

Premature birth (<37 weeks, %) 5.9 6.2 0.07 5.9

Maternal history of neuropsychiatric disorder (%)a 2.4 9.3 <0.0001 2.4

Paternal history of neuropsychiatric disorder (%)a 2.0 2.0 0.98 2.0

Maternal history of affective disorder (%)b 15.4 36.8 <0.0001 15.4

Paternal history of affective disorder (%)b 8.1 10.8 0.02 8.1

Maternal history of epilepsy (%) 1.0 1.5 0.25 1.0

Paternal history of epilepsy (%) 1.0 0.7 0.52 1.0
a

Parental histories of neuropsychiatric disorder include any in-patient or secondary care out-patient record of diagnosed non-affective psychosis, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ASD, or intellectual disability.

b

Parental histories of affective disorder include any in-patient or secondary care out-patient record of diagnosed affective disorder except for bipolar disorder.

ASD, autism spectrum disorder.