. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Sep;138(3):18S–28S. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002682

Table 1.

Healing Impairment Associated Tissue and Wound Biomarkers

Quantified Measure of Non-healing		Biomaterial/Method	Reference
Tissue Markers:
↑ β-catenin ↑ c-myc	↑nuclear/cytoplasmic staining	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Method: immunostaining (IHC/IF)	^14,28,29
↓ BMPR ↓ LRIG1 ↓ GATA3 ↓ IDR2,4 ↓ K15	↓ gene expression ↓ gene expression ↓ nuclear staining ↓membranous staining	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Methods: microarray, q-PCR, IHC/IF	¹⁴
↑ ADAM12	↑ gene expression ↑nuclear/cytoplasmic staining	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Methods: microarray, q-PCR, IHC/IF	⁹⁶
EGFR	↑ cytoplasmic staining	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Method: IHC/IF	³
↓ cathelicidin	↓ staining wound edge, wound bed infiltrate and exudate	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Method: IHC/IF	⁹⁷
tPA, uPA, PAI-1	variable expression	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Methods: mRNA in situ hybridization, IHC/IF	⁹⁸
↓ TGFβI,II,III ligands	↓ gene expression ↓ staining	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Methods: qPCR, IHC/IF	⁹⁹
↓ phospho-smad2	↓ nuclear staining	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Methods: IHC/IF	¹⁰⁰
↑ miR-16, -20a, -21, -106a, -130a, -203	↑ expression	Biomaterial: debrided tissue Methods: q-PCR, in situ hybridization	^80,101
Wound Fluid Markers:
↑ MMP1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13	↑ protein expression	Biomaterial: collected using swabbing technique or wound vac Methods: ELISA; Point-of-care qualitative measurement device available in select countries for clinical use (WOUNDCHECK™)	^{15,50–54,57,58, 70}
↓ TIMP1	↓ protein expression	Biomaterial: wound fluid Methods: ELISA, quantitative gelatin zymography	⁵⁶
↑ MMP9: TIMP1	↑ protein expression MMP9 ↓ protein expression TIMP1	Biomaterial: collected using porous, inert hydrophilic dextranomer beads applied to the wound Methods: ELISA, quantitative gelatin zymography	⁵⁵
↑ IL1 ↑ IL6	↑ protein expression	Biomaterial: collected directly from wound bed Methods: ELISA	^69,70
↓albumin ↓ total protein	< 20g/l ↓ protein expression	Biomaterial: collected using transparent occlusive dressing Methods: Bayer Axon clinical chemistry analyzer	⁷⁰