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The effect of subtropical tree species on changing air (ΔTa) and land surface (ΔTs) temperature under their canopies. Data refer to mean temperature differences measured during July and August 2007 in Taiwan using a replicate of ten specimens per species. Ulmus parvifolia and Pterocarpus indicus provided significantly greater air cooling, and Ficus elastica significantly greater surface cooling than other species (P < 0·001). Modified from Lin and Lin (2010).
