Table 2.

The vector of standardized directional selection gradients (β), and the matrix of quadratic and correlational selection gradients (γ) for male CHC expression (i.e. PCs) and body size (PW) with respect to fighting and mating success in G. cornutus

	β	γ
		PC1	PC2	PC3	PW
Fighting success
PC1	0.056	0.018
PC2	0.024	0.050	−0.024
PC3	−0.158 ***	0.057	0.020	0.006
Pronotum width (PW)	0.171 ***	0.025	−0.073	−0.040	−0.088
Mating success
PC1	−0.152 ***	−0.138 **
PC2	−0.002	0.062	−0.082
PC3	−0.151 ***	−0.034	0.007	−0.112 **
Pronotum width (PW)	0.063 *	0.037	0.002	−0.029	−0.018

*<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001 Significant values (P <0.05 after randomization tests) are shown in bold.