Table 1. Background characteristics for singleton children born 1997 to 2010 and their parentsa.
| Children who within the first two years of life redeemed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Any | Narrow-spectrum | Broad-spectrum | ||
| Antibiotics | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | ||
| Variable | All children, n | n (%b) | n (%b) | n (%b) | n (%b) |
| Number of children | 858,201 | 242,419 (28.2) | 615,782 (71.8) | 440,006 (51.3) | 441,273 (51.4) |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Vaginal | 707,254 | 204,004 (28.8) | 503,250 (71.2) | 359,236 (50.8) | 358,375 (50.7) |
| Intrapartum cesarean section | 71,241 | 18,604 (26.1) | 52,637 (73.9) | 37,763 (53.0) | 38,455 (54.0) |
| Prelabor cesarean section | 79,706 | 19,811 (24.9) | 59,895 (75.1) | 43,007 (54.0) | 44,443 (55.8) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 417,906 | 131,245 (31.4) | 286,661 (68.6) | 200,122 (47.9) | 202,809 (48.5) |
| Male | 440,295 | 111,174 (25.2) | 329,121 (74.8) | 239,884 (54.5) | 238,464 (54.2) |
| Parity | |||||
| Multiparous | 480,714 | 133,927 (27.9) | 346,787 (72.1) | 2503,16 (52.1) | 247,621 (51.5) |
| Primiparous | 371,012 | 106,710 (28.8) | 264,302 (71.2) | 186,728 (50.3) | 189,912 (51.2) |
| Missing | 6,475 | 1,782 (27.5) | 4,693 (72.5) | 2,962 (45.7) | 3,740 (57.8) |
| Birth weight (grams) | |||||
| <2,500 | 28,637 | 7,039 (24.6) | 21,598 (75.4) | 15,422 (53.9) | 16,103 (56.2) |
| 2,500–4,000 | 670,334 | 190,169 (28.4) | 480,165 (71.6) | 342,049 (51.0) | 344,305 (51.4) |
| >4,000 | 152,888 | 43,084 (28.2) | 109,804 (71.8) | 79,547 (52.0) | 77,917 (51.0) |
| Missing | 6,342 | 2,127 (33.5) | 4,215 (66.5) | 2,988 (47.1) | 2,948 (46.5) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||||
| <34 | 10,616 | 2,386 (22.5) | 8,230 (77.5) | 5,945 (56.0) | 6,193 (58.3) |
| 34–36 | 30,314 | 7,459 (24.6) | 22,855 (75.4) | 16,625 (54.8) | 16,953 (55.9) |
| 37–40 | 586,421 | 163,891 (27.9) | 422,530 (72.1) | 3018,59 (51.5) | 303,460 (51.7) |
| >40 | 226,583 | 67,144 (29.6) | 159,439 (70.4) | 113,642 (50.2) | 112,763 (49.8) |
| Missing | 4,267 | 1,539 (36.1) | 2,728 (63.9) | 1,935 (45.3) | 1,904 (44.6) |
| Paternal agec (years) | |||||
| <25 | 34,837 | 8,509 (24.4) | 26,328 (75.6) | 19,085 (54.8) | 19,051 (54.7) |
| 25–30 | 227,259 | 60,589 (26.7) | 166,670 (73.3) | 119,979 (52.8) | 120,657 (53.1) |
| >30 | 587,109 | 170,498 (29.0) | 416,611 (71.0) | 296,573 (50.5) | 297,149 (50.6) |
| Missing | 8,996 | 2,823 (31.4) | 6,173 (68.6) | 4,369 (48.6) | 4,416 (49.1) |
| Maternal agec (years) | |||||
| <25 | 83,259 | 20,919 (25.1) | 62,340 (74.9) | 45,187 (54.3) | 45,238 (54.3) |
| 25–30 | 325,923 | 88,835 (27.3) | 237,088 (72.7) | 170,668 (52.4) | 170,698 (52.4) |
| >30 | 449,019 | 132,665 (29.5) | 316,354 (70.5) | 224,151 (49.9) | 225,337 (50.2) |
| Paternal educational levelc | |||||
| Elementary school/high school | 202,407 | 53,343 (26.4) | 149,064 (73.6) | 107,581 (53.2) | 107,837 (53.3) |
| Short education/skilled worker | 405,022 | 108,966 (26.9) | 296,056 (73.1) | 212,426 (52.4) | 213,364 (52.7) |
| Medium/long education | 221,690 | 71,235 (32.1) | 150,455 (67.9) | 105,528 (47.6) | 105,605 (47.6) |
| Missing | 29,082 | 8,875 (30.5) | 20,207 (69.5) | 14,471 (49.8) | 14,467 (49.7) |
| Maternal educational levelc | |||||
| Elementary school/high school | 215,134 | 56,661 (26.3) | 158,473 (73.7) | 115,457 (53.7) | 113,664 (52.8) |
| Short education/skilled worker | 314,776 | 82,694 (26.3) | 232,082 (73.7) | 167,095 (53.1) | 167,691 (53.3) |
| Medium/long education | 310,730 | 97,136 (31.3) | 213,594 (68.7) | 149,443 (48.1) | 151,664 (48.8) |
| Missing | 17,561 | 5,928 (33.8) | 11,633 (66.2) | 8,011 (45.6) | 8,254 (47.0) |
| Paternal type 1 diabetesd | |||||
| No | 844,823 | 238,360 (28.2) | 606,463 (71.8) | 433,390 (51.3) | 434,590 (51.4) |
| Yes | 4,382 | 1,236 (28.2) | 3,146 (71.8) | 2,247 (51.3) | 2,267 (51.7) |
| Missing | 8,996 | 2,823 (31.4) | 6,173 (68.6) | 4,369 (48.6) | 4,416 (49.1) |
| Maternal type 1 diabetesd | |||||
| No | 855,33 | 241,699 (28.3) | 613,631 (71.7) | 438,451 (51.3) | 439,683 (51.4) |
| Yes | 2,871 | 720 (25.1) | 2,151 (74.9) | 1,555 (54.2) | 1,590 (55.4) |
aReported in all children and classified regarding redemption of antibiotics within the first two years of life (n = 858,201).
Included were children who by their two years birthday were alive and had not emigrated or been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes
bPercentage of all children (row percentage)
cAt childbirth
dDiagnosed before childbirth