Table 2. Associations between redemption of antibiotics within the first two years of life and subsequent onset of childhood type 1 diabetes (2 to 14 years, both included).
| Children who within the first two years of life redeemed | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Any | Narrow-spect. | Broad-spect. | |
| Antibiotics | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | |
| Fully adjusted modela | Fully adjusted modela | Fully adjusted modela | |
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Number of children | 810,946 | 810,946 | 810,946 |
| Number of observed events | 1,442 | 1,442 | 1,442 |
| Redemption of antibiotics | |||
| within two years of life | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.06 [0.94;1.19] | 1.02 [0.92;1.13] | 1.13 [1.02;1.25] |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intrapartum cesarean section | 0.97 [0.80;1.17] | 0.97 [0.80;1.18] | 0.96 [0.79;1.17] |
| Prelabor cesarean section | 0.99 [0.82;1.20] | 0.99 [0.82;1.20] | 0.99 [0.81;1.19] |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 0.94 [0.84;1.04] | 0.94 [0.85;1.04] | 0.93 [0.84;1.04] |
| Parity | |||
| Multiparous | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primiparous | 1.12 [1.00; 1.26] | 1.12 [1.00;1.25] | 1.12 [1.00;1.26] |
| Paternal age (years)b | |||
| 0–24 | 1.05 [0.79;1.40] | 1.05 [0.79;1.40] | 1.05 [0.79;1.40] |
| 25–30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 31–100 | 0.95 [0.83;1.08] | 0.95 [0.83;1.08] | 0.95 [0.83;1.08] |
| Maternal age (years)b | |||
| 0–24 | 0.99 [0.80;1.23] | 0.99 [0.80;1.23] | 0.99 [0.80;1.22] |
| 25–30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 31–100 | 1.04 [0.92;1.18] | 1.04 [0.92;1.18] | 1.04 [0.92;1.18] |
| Paternal educationb | |||
| Elementary school/high school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Short education/skilled worker | 1.02 [0.90;1.16] | 1.02 [0.90;1.16] | 1.02 [0.90;1.16] |
| Medium/long education | 0.95 [0.80;1.12] | 0.94 [0.80;1.11] | 0.95 [0.80;1.12] |
| Maternal educationb | |||
| Elementary school/high school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Short education/skilled worker | 1.13 [0.99;1.29] | 1.13 [0.99;1.29] | 1.13 [0.99;1.29] |
| Medium/long education | 1.02 [0.87;1.20] | 1.02 [0.87;1.19] | 1.02 [0.87;1.20] |
| Paternal type 1 diabetesc | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 11.20 [8.84;14.19] | 11.20 [8.84;14.19] | 11.21 [8.85;14.20] |
| Maternal type 1 diabetesc | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 6.20 [4.31;8.91] | 6.20 [4.31;8.91] | 6.19 [4.31;8.91] |
Hazard ratio (HR) for type 1 diabetes diagnosed in children before 15 years of age are reported with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
aFully adjusted model adjusted for: Year of birth, mode of delivery, sex, parity, maternal and paternal age and educational level at childbirth, maternal and paternal type 1 diabetes diagnosed before childbirth
bAt childbirth
cDiagnosed before childbirth