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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 25.
Published in final edited form as: Bio Protoc. 2014 Jul 20;4(14):e1180. doi: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1180

Figure 3. Effects of LPS and PGE2 on TNF-alpha and IL-10 production by macrophages.

Figure 3

Macrophages were stimulated for 18 h with 100 ng/ml LPS alone or LPS in combination with 1 ng/ml of the immune modulatory factor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). LPS increases levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha produced by the macrophages. PGE2 attenuates macrophage production of TNF-alpha elicited by LPS stimulation but enhances levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Values are mean +/− SD, n=3 per group.