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. 2017 Jan 30;18(1):169–178. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv114

Table 3.

Summary of pain and anxiety scores (N = 182)

Statistic Pre- Pain Pain Change1 Pre- Anxiety Anxiety Change1
Mean 6.80 −2.52 4.72 −2.27
Standard Deviation 2.58 2.23 3.43 2.66
Minimum 1 −9 0 −10
Median 8 −2 5 −2
Maximum 10 2 10 6

1Negative values are desirable as it indicates a shift toward lower pain or anxiety.