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. 2016 Aug 26;7:1282. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01282

Table 1.

Description of the tactical behavior principles used to classify the tactical game complexity in team sports (adapted from Memmert and Harvey, 2010; Mitchell et al., 2013).

Principles Tactical Behavior Description
Fundamental Game Principles Attack Dribbling attempts Ability to express comfortably with the ball, by being able to control, and dribble the opponents in tight spaces.
Support and orienting Support the player in possession taking an optimal position on the playing field at right time (low risk of ball losing) and in offensive positions (movements toward opponents target direction).
Tacking ball near goal Transport the ball together with team mates to a finishing space.
Attacking the goal Moving and transport the ball with teammates into spaces between and behind the defenders in order to execute the finishing action.
Playing together Pass the ball to the partners quickly and in a suitable manner to the situation.
Achieving advantage Look for spaces in order to create numerical and positional offensive advantage.
Using gaps Identifying the optimal gaps to make spatial decisions to accomplish tactical tasks or match situations.
Defense Defending attacking players Denying and blocking the offensive players' movements.
Defending the goal Collective movements of defenders to prevent/stop a shot.
Gain the ball Defensive actions performed by the defenders to gain the ball (e.g., interception, tackle, block, cause errors such as offside).
Situational Game Principles Attack Explore and improvise offensive movements Attempts to create and use novel dribbles and moves to overcome an opponent.
Maintaining the ball possession Ability to maintain the ball possession, by passing the ball quickly and to a free-standing team mate allowing the ball flow without the defenders gain their possession.
Create and use space Moving the ball into attacking /scoring positions using pitch width /length to stay away from the defenders.
Finalization Team offensive actions that end with the shot to the opponent's target.
Defense Limiting attacking options Preventing scoring throw the limitation of attacking options (marking key players; orienting the opposite team to the sides of the field).
Defending space Covering space as a defensive unit.
Applying pressure Defenders collective movements toward the opponent with the ball to decrease the time and space to decide.
Specific Collective Game Principles Position specific behavior Players' tactical mission according to each specific position (e.g., marking the forward by the central defender).
Anticipation skills Anticipate the opponent's actions by selecting and executing the appropriate answer.
Tactical awareness Players' ability to recognize opportunities, know what to do and make fast/advantageous decisions.
Team tactical behavior Team interpersonal coordination behavior according to the environment and opponents changes.
Game model Fulfill general guidelines that guide the team's players' performance.