Table 1.
Publications included in the review process.
| Author | Year | Pts | Males | Age | Biomarkers studied | Exercise regimen | Walking distance | Pts characteristics | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ηobbs et al.9 | 2007 | 34 | 27 | Mean 67 | TAT, PF1 + 2 | Rotation of exercise including treadmill 3 km/h at a 10% incline to absolute claudication distance or 1000 m 2 times a week | 20–500 m | IC; ABI < 0.9 | TAT levels are similar between the groups over the 6-month study period/Significant increase of PF1 + 2 in the group who receive cilostazol |
| Collins et al.2 | 2006 | 20 | 16 | 68 ± 8 | TAT, D-dimer | Treadmill to absolute claudication distance; 3.5 km/h, 5% incline | NA | IC; ABI < 0.8 | D-dimer rise similar to healthy individuals (P = .003); TAT rise 128% (P = .003) |
| Killewich et al.10 | 2004 | 21 | 21 | 68 ± 1 | tPA, PAI | Treadmill 3 times a week for six months | NA | IC; ABI < 0.9 | tPA rise by 28% (P = .003); PAI drop by 23% (P = 0.01) @6 m |
| Burns et al.11 | 2003 | 10 | 10 | Mean 61 (range 58–70) | TAT, PF1 + 2, D-dimer, FdDP | 3.5 km/h at a gradient of 12% until the absolute claudication distance | 25–300 m | ABI < 0.8; claudicant, as defined by Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire | Rise in TAT, PF1 + 2, D-dimer, FDP (significant when compared to non-smoking controls) |
| Womack et al.12 | 2001 | 9 | 8 | 70 ± 6 | tPA, PAI | 65% of maximal intensity until 30 min | NA | Fontaine II | tPA levels rise by 180% (P = .017); PAI-1 and tPA antigen changed non-significantly; PAI-1 levels decreased by 43% (P = 0.017) |
| Gardner and Killewich13 | 2002 | 106 | NA | 70 ± 1 | tPA, PAI | Accelerometer during 48 h usual activity and then 6-min walking and treadmill exercise to ACD | NA | PAD and IC; Fontaine II | Impaired fibrinolysis in lower activity group; drop of tPA and rise of PAI |
| Constans et al.14 | 2000 | 20 | NA | 66 ± 10 | PF1 + 2, D-dimer, PAI, TFPI, sTM, vWF, sTM | 2 treadmill exercises in two weeks; 10% slope, 3.2 km/h | Mean 225 ± 180 | Fontaine II (ABI < 0.8) | At ACD P-selectin and sTM levels were significantly higher (P < .01); at recuperation period PAI-1 levels decreased (P < .01) while PF1 + 2 increased (P < .05) |
| Killewich et al.15 | 1998 | 80 | 80 | 69 | PAI-1 activity, tPA (Ag and activity) | 6-min walk during which pain-free walking time and distance were measured | NA | Mild claudicants (MC) with mean ABI 0.65 ± 0.04; severe claudicants (SC) with ABI 0.58 ± 0.03 | Increased PAI-1 activity in both MC and SC compared to healthy controls (P = .01 and P = .02 respectively); Increased tPA antigen levels (P = .001) and decreased tPA activity (P = .001) in SC group only |
| Mustonen et al.16 | 1998 | 15 | 10 | 59 ± 8 (42–70) | TAT, D-dimer, tPA:Ag, PAI-1:Ag, tPA ativity, PAP | Treadmill to max walking distance; at 3.2 km/h, flat for first 2 min; thereafter, the inclination angle was increased by 2° every 2 min | Median 567 m (140–1500 m) | Fontaine stage II | D-dimer significantly higher than control group (<.003); tPA/PAI-1 ratio almost constant; TAT rise (PT < .05) |
| Woodburn et al.17 | 1997 | 20 | 11 | 46–71 | tPA, PAI vWF | Treadmill to maximum walking distance or 200 m; 2 km/h, 10 incline | Median 94 m (76–116 m) | Symptomatic PAOD | Not significant alterations |
| Edwards et al.18 | 1994 | 11 | 7 | Mean 61 (range 56–71) | vWF | Treadmill to max walking distance; at 3 km/h, 10° inclination | NA | Stable intermittent claudication as a result of femoropopliteal disease; no clinical evidence of DM or ischemic heart disease | Significant vWF rise (P < 0.05) at 60 min post-exercise |
| Herren et al.19 | 1994 | 22 | 14 | Mean 65 (range 46–80) | PF1 + 2, TAT, D-dimer, fibrinogen | Treadmill until symptoms appeared; 10% inclination | 271.3 ± 149.4 | Fontaine II | No significant changes related to exercise; changes only related to severity and ABI, and ECG changes |
| De Buyzere et al.20 | 1993 | 34 | 26 | Mean 62 | PF1 + 2, TAT, D-dimer, fibrinogen | Treadmill at constant speed, inclination starting from 0% by 5% every 3 min to max 15% | 583 ± 40 | Fontaine II | Significant fibrinogen rise (P < 0.01); PF1 + 2, TAT, D-dimer higher in claudicants (P < 0.01 vs. control) but no significant rise after exercise |
FDP, fibrin degradation products; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; PAP, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin; PF1 + 2, prothrombin factors 1 and 2; sTM, scanning tunneling microscope; TAT, thrombin–antithrombin complex; tPA, tissue polypeptide antigen; vWF, von Willebrand factor.