Figure 1.

Port location for three-port and single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). (A) For three-port VATS, an observation port was placed at the seventh intercostal space on the median axillary line, a main operating port at the fourth intercostal space on the anterior axillary line, and an auxiliary operating port at the seventh intercostal space on the posterior axillary line; (B) for the single-port approach, a single incision was made at the fourth or fifth intercostal space on the anterior axillary line.