| Oncocytoma |
Surgical resection |
| Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| Mucus gland adenoma |
Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| Surgical resection |
| Adenoid cystic carcinoma |
(I) Surgical resection |
| (II) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| (III) Pneumonectomy if there is extensive bronchial involvement |
| (IV) Radiotherapy with radical doses of 60 Gy for palliative therapy |
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma |
Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| Surgical resection |
| Myoepithelial carcinoma |
Surgical resection |
| Papilloma |
Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| Carcinoid tumor |
(I) Surgical resection if tumor is localized (if metastatic there is little to offer) |
| (II) Bronchoscopic ablation |
| Leiomyoma |
(I) Surgical resection: |
| • tracheal sleeve resection |
| • segmental tracheal resection (anastomotic failure due to dehiscence and stenosis) |
| • carinal resection |
| • endoscopic resection |
| (II) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| (III) Segmentectomy or lobectomy for tumors located at the lobar bronchus or more distal locations |
| Schwannoma |
(I) Surgical resection |
| (II) Endoscopic excision for more localized tumors and patients with poor pulmonary function |
| Hamartoma |
(I) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| (II) Surgical resection |
| Hemangioma |
(I) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| (II) Selective bronchial artery embolization by interventional radiology |
| (III) High-dose corticosteroids in children and young adults |
| Lipoma |
(I) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| (II) Surgical resection if there is atypical features |
| (III) Lobectomy or pneumonectomy if there is parenchymal involvement |
| Chondroma |
Endoscopic excision |
| Glomus tumor |
(I) Sleeve resection with primary reconstruction of the trachea |
| (II) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection if tumor is confined to the airway lumen without extension into the wall or urgent situations to maintain airway patency |
| Granular cell tumor |
(I) Surgical resection |
| (II) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| Endobronchial T-cell lymphoma |
(I) Systemic chemotherapy: pirarubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and steroids |
| (II) Surgical resection (after chemotherapy) |
| Fibrosarcoma |
Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| Chondrosarcoma |
(I) Surgical resection |
| (II) Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy for extensive tumors |
| Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor |
(I) Surgical resection (segmental tracheal resection) |
| (II) Multimodality bronchoscopic resection |
| (III) Wide local excision along with adjuvant radiation therapy |
| (IV) NSAIDs, steroids and ALK-inhibitors such as crizotinib in localized, unresectable tumors |
| Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma |
(I) Argon plasma coagulation via rigid bronchoscopy for narrow-base tumors |
| (II) Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy for wide-base tumors |
