Table 1.

Double-blind controlled trials of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) as an add-on strategy in the treatment of schizophrenia. PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; E-EPA, ethyl-EPA.

Study	Drug and Dose	Sample	Treatment Duration	Results
Peet et al., 2001 [17]	EPA or DHA 2 g/day	45 patients	12 weeks	↓ psychotic symptoms measured with PANSS in the group treated with EPA
Peet et al., 2001 [17]	EPA 2 g/day	30 patients	12 weeks	↓ positive symptoms measured with PANSS
Peet and Horrobin, 2002 [19]	E-EPA 1–4 g/day	115 patients	12 weeks	↓ positive symptoms measured with PANSS, ↓ depressive symptoms
Jamilian et al., 2014 [20]	1 g/day	60 patients	8 weeks	↓ psychotic symptoms measured with PANSS
Fenton et al., 2001 [23]	ethyl-EPA 3 g/day	87 patients	16 weeks	no significant differences in positive, negative symptoms, mood or cognition
Berger et al., 2007 [24]	ethyl-EPA 2 g/day	69 patients	12 weeks	no efficacy on specific psychotic symptoms
Amminger et al., 2010 [15]	EPA 700 mg/day + DHA 480 mg/day	76 individuals “UHR”	12 weeks	↓ progression in psychosis in young UHR patients
Pawelzcyk et al., 2016 [21]	EPA + DHA 2.2 g/day	71 patients with FEP	26 weeks	↓ psychotic symptoms measured with PANSS ↓ depressive symptoms ↑ level of functioning
Bentsen et al., 2013 [22]	ethyl-EPA 2 g/day	99 patients	16 weeks	↓ impairment of the course of psychosis
Emsley et al., 2014 [18]	EPA 2 g/day + DHA 1 g/day + α-LA 300 mg/day	33 patients	2 years	relapse prevention of psychotic symptoms
Emsley et al., 2002 [29]	ethyl-EPA 3 g/day	40 patients	12 weeks	↓ positive symptoms and negative symptoms measured with PANSS

Abbreviations: EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; ethyl-EPA = ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid; α-LA = α-lipoic acid; UHR = ultra-high-risk; FEP = first episode of psychosis; ↓ = decrease of; ↑ = increase of.