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. 2016 Jul 28;8(8):232. doi: 10.3390/toxins8080232

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Current hypotheses regarding the deacetylation of ingested 3/15ADON. As described in the text, four hypotheses could explain animal results showing the absence of systemic 3/15ADON in case of oral exposure. (1) 3/15ADON may not be absorbed directly by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), requiring their luminal transformation (by digestive enzymes and/or bacteria) prior to cross the intestinal wall. (2) IEC may be able to absorb 3/15ADON and to convert them in DON intracellularly, resulting in only DON being released in the portal vein linking the gut to the liver. (3) Part or all of intestinally absorbed 3/15ADON may reach the liver through the portal vein and may be subjected to hepatic deacetylation before release into the hepatic veins and the systemic blood circulation. (4) Although highly unlikely based on experimental results, part or all of the intestinally absorbed 3/15ADON may reach intact the systemic blood and be converted into DON in the kidneys (or others tissues). None of these hypotheses exclude the others, and a mix of them is possible.