Binding experiments with the RNA libraries from each round (Rd) of selection. Samples of the initial RNA library (Rd 0) and from each subsequent round (Rd 1 to 8) of selection for either RsmA and RsmF were radiolabeled and incubated with purified RsmA or RsmF at the indicated concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.9, 2.7, 8, 24, 72, 216, or 648 nM) for 30 min. Samples were immediately analyzed by native polyacrylamide gels and phosphorimaging. The position of the unbound probe is indicated. The apparent equilibrium binding constant (Keq) for RsmA and RsmF following each round of selection is shown on the left side of the images.