FIGURE 1.

Ethanol induces ATF4 expression in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. A and B, mouse primary hepatocytes were treated without (−EtOH) or with 100 mm ethanol (+EtOH) for 24 h. C and D, WT mice were fed a control (−EtOH) or ethanol-containing diet (+EtOH) for 28 days. Means ± S.E. (error bars) shown are representative of at least three independent in vitro experiments or at least two independent in vivo experiments, with the number of mice included in each group in each experiment indicated (n = 5–7). Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test for the effect of with versus without ethanol treatment (*, p < 0.05). A and C, Atf4 mRNA; B and D, ATF4 protein (top, Western blotting; bottom, quantitative measurements of ATF4 relative to actin).