Table 3.

Mean health at baseline, crude mean change and adjusted difference in change in health

Group Membership	Baseline mean	Crude change scores	Model coefficient (adjusted)ab	Adjusted change scores (%)ac
	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)
Self-Rated health (scale 1–5) N = 813
Involuntarily retired	3.10 (2.92–3.28)	−0.38 (−0.56– − 0.20)	−0.37 (−0.57– − 0.17) ***	−10.80 (−14.20– − 7.40)***
Voluntarily retired	3.49 (3.38–3.60)	−0.17 (−0.29– − 0.05)	0.00 (ref)	−3.40 (−5.40– − 1.20)**
Continued working	3.60 (3.53–3.67)	−0.21 (−0.27– − 0.14)	−0.01 (−0.14–0.11)	−3.60 (−4.80– − 2.40)***
Physical Functioning (scale 0–100) N = 808
Involuntarily retired	75.26 (70.16–80.36)	−7.06 (−11.81– − 2.32)	−9.24 (13.97– − 4.52)***	−11.93 (−16.06– − 7.80)***
Voluntarily retired	85.89 (83.38–88.40)	−3.48 (−6.16– − 0.81)	0.00 (ref)	−2.69 (−5.00– − 0.37)*
Continued working	87.27 (85.92–88.62)	−3.75 (−5.31– − 2.19)	−0.58 (−3.39–2.24)	−3.26 (−4.73– − 1.80)***
Mental Health (scale 0–100) N = 834
Involuntarily retired	76.47 (72.97–79.97)	−0.38 (−3.43–2.68)	−4.92 (−8.22– − 1.62)**	−1.60 (−4.52–1.32)
Voluntarily retired	78.65 (76.58–80.71)	3.57 (1.58–5.55)	0.00 (ref)	3.33 (1.59–5.06)***
Continued working	78.99 (77.77–80.22)	1.38 (0.15–2.61)	−1.67 (−3.79–0.46)	1.66 (0.57–2.75)**
Physical Activity (scale 0–6) N = 833
Involuntarily retired	3.22 (2.86–3.57)	0.49 (0.10–0.88)	0.12 (−0.25–0.49)	4.17 (−1.17–9.67)
Voluntarily retired	3.79 (3.58–4.00)	0.08 (−0.13–0.30)	0.00 (ref)	2.33 (−0.83–5.50)
Continued working	3.76 (3.63–3.88)	−0.10 (−0.23–0.03)	−0.22 (−0.45–0.01)^	−1.50 (−3.33–0.50)

Notes: ^p < 0.1, *p < 0.05,**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ^aAdjustments made for the following baseline characteristics: age, sex, health condition and health score. ^bSignificance refers to the difference between the group and the reference category (voluntary retirees). ^cSignificance refers to whether there was a change in the group’s health or physical activity. On all scales higher scores represent better health/ more physical activity