Table 2.

Parameterisation for vector-borne disease models

	Definition	Plasmodium falciparum	Trypanosoma cruzi	Borrelia burgdorferi
b i	Transmission coefficient (vectors→hosts) = bite rate x transmission probability	0.1 = 1/3 × 0.3 (humans) [42]; 0 (non-humans)	2 × 10-5 = ¼ × 8 × 10-5 (humans) [43, 44]; 2.5 × 10-4 = ¼ × 0.001 (non-humans) [45]	$0.003=\frac{1}{365}\times 1.0\left(\mathrm{humans}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}‐\mathrm{humans}\right)$ [46]
b Vi	Transmission coefficient (hosts→vectors) = bite rate x transmission probability	$0.007=\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.\times 0.02\left(\mathrm{humans}\right)$ [47]; $\mathrm{0}\left(\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\text{-}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\right)$	0.015 = ½ × 0.03 (humans); 0.25 = ½ × 0.49 (non-humans) [48]	$0\left(\mathrm{h}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\right);$ $\mathrm{0.003}=\frac{1}{365}\times \mathrm{1.0}\left(\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}‐\mathrm{humans}\right)$ [46]
γ	Recovery rate (no immunity)	0 (humans and non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)	1/28 (humans)a; 0 (non-humans) [31]
ε	Clearance rate of symptomatic infection	1/200 (humans) [49]; 0 (non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)
κ	Clearance rate of asymptomatic infection	1/200 (humans) [49]; 0 (non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)
π	Asymptomatic primary infection rate	0 (humans and non-humans)	1/40 (humans and non-humans) [50, 51]	0 (humans); 1/28 (non-humans) [31]
θ	Asymptomatic secondary infection rate	0.5 (assumed for humans); 0 (non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)
τ	Full susceptibility reversion rate	1/1000 (humans) [52]; 0 (non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)	0 (humans and non-humans)
μ	Birth (or maturation) and death rate of vectors (i.e. stable population)	1/10 [53]	1/365 [54]	1/365 [55]
σ	Adjustment factor for asymptomatic transmissibility to vector	0.25 (humans) [56]; 0 (non-humans)	≈0 humans [30]; ≈1 non-humans [57]b	0 (humans); ≈1 (non-humans)
ζ	Rate of parasite development within vector	1/10 [58]	1/10 [59]	1/365 [60]c

^aClassically, Lyme disease infection dynamics are of an SIS form whereby the pathogen is assumed to be cleared by the host’s immune system. However, Nadelman & Wormser [31] review several studies demonstrating that an SIA form is more appropriate for non-human hosts

^bA longitudinal study of domestic dogs (a principal Chagas disease reservoir) demonstrated persistent infectiousness but it was unclear whether this was a result of repeat infections

^cParasite development is assumed to correspond with the developmental delays between life stages of the tick (whereby the tick will take its blood-meal from a different host species)