Fig. 3.

IBMX controls HDAC5 expression levels in hMSCs. a HDAC5 mRNA levels, relative to that of the housekeeping gene RSP27A, of hMSCs incubated for 24 hours (white shading) or 48 hours (black shading) in proliferation medium (C), adipogenic differentiation medium (A), osteogenic differentiation medium (O), osteogenic differentiation medium supplemented with 125 ng/ml BMP2 and 2 ng/ml TGFβ (OBT), and osteogenic differentiation medium supplemented with 125 ng/ml BMP2, 2 ng/ml TGFβ, and 500 μM IBMX (OBTI). Data expressed as percentage of the expression levels at time zero. Results represent the mean and standard deviation of duplicate experiments. Indicated significance levels are relative to expression in control samples (C) at 24 or 48 hours, respectively. b Immunoblot for protein expression of HDAC5 in hMSCs, 5 days after incubation in the indicated media. Expression of α-tubulin was used as a loading control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. HDAC histone deacetylase