Table 4.
CDI-attributable LOS and CDI-related LOS
| Reference | Population | Statistic | CDI VS NO CDI LOS (Days) | CDI LOS (Days) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Value | SD or 95 % CI | Sample size | Value | SD or 95 % CI | |||||
| CO-CDI Inpatient days | ||||||||||
| Arora 2011 [29] | Horn’s index 1&2 | Mean | 33 | 15.1 | 16.2 | 33 | 15.1 | 16.2 | ||
| Arora 2011 [29] | Horn’s index 3&4 | Mean | 52 | 33.4 | 33.3 | 52 | 33.4 | 33.3 | ||
| Kuntz 2012 [41] | General outpatient | Mean | 1650 | 10.0 | 17.0 | 1650 | 10.0 | 17.0 | ||
| Kuntz 2012 [41] | General inpatient | Mean | 1316 | 14.9 | 20.9 | 1316 | 14.9 | 20.9 | ||
| O’Brien 2007 [51] | General | Mean | 4015 | 6.4 | 4015 | 6.4 | ||||
| Pant 2013 [55] | IBD | Coefficient | 12,610 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.8 | |
| Peery 2012 [56] | General | Median | 110,553 | 5.0 | 110,553 | 5.0 | ||||
| Quimbo 2013 [57] | CDAD History | Mean | 1866 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 933 | 8.9 | 7.2 | 11.0 |
| Sammons 2013 [59] | Children | Median | 2060 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 2060 | 6.0 | 4.0a | 13.0a |
| VeerLee 2012 [64] | General | Mean | 68,686 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 68,686 | 7.1 | 7.0 | ||
| Weighted Mean | 202,841 | 5.7 | 189,298 | 5.9 | ||||||
| HO-CDI inpatient days | ||||||||||
| Jiang 2013 [39] | General | Median | 7264 | 8.0 | 1211 | 13.0 | ||||
| Lipp 2012 [46] | General | Mean | 3826 | 12.0 | 3826 | 12.0 | ||||
| Pakyz 2011 [52] | General | Mean | 30,071 | 11.1 | 10,857 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 21.2 | ||
| Tabak 2013 [63] | General | Median | 1020 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 255 | 12.0 | 9.0a | 21.0a |
| Wang 2013 | General | Median | 7,227,788 | 7.0 | 78,273 | 6.0 | 4.0a | 11.0a | ||
| Campbell 2013 [31] | Age > = 65 | Mean | 3064 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 3064 | 21.3 | 25.3 | |
| Quimbo 2013 [57] | Elderly | Mean | 34,732 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 10,933 | 18.8 | 18.2 | 19.5 |
| Sammons 2013 [59] | Children | Median | 2414 | 21.6 | 19.3 | 23.9 | 2414 | 23.0 | 12.0a | 44.0a |
| Ananthakrishnan 2008 [28] | IBD | Median | 80,170 | 3.0 | 2804 | 7.0 | ||||
| Campbell 2013 [31] | IBD | Mean | 84 | 3.0 | −2.3 | 8.3 | 84 | 21.0 | 19.1 | |
| Quimbo 2013 [57] | IBD | Mean | 3618 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 1206 | 12.8 | 11.6 | 14.2 |
| Nguyen 2008 [49] | Crohn’s disease | Mean | 73,197 | 3.8 | 329 | 9.5 | ||||
| Nguyen 2008 [49] | Ulcerative colitis | Mean | 43,645 | 3.2 | 196 | 9.9 | ||||
| Reed 2008 | Digestive disorders | Mean | 2394 | 3.0 | 320 | 6.9 | 5.2 | |||
| Damle 2014 [14] | Colorectal surgery | Median | 84,648 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 1266 | 13.0 | 18.0 | |
| Lesperance 2011 [45] | Elective colonic resection | Mean | 695,010 | 11.7 | 10,077 | 22.6 | ||||
| Reed 2008 | Major bowel procedures | Mean | 1035 | 10.0 | 45 | 20.9 | 11.3 | |||
| Wilson 2013 [66] | Ileostomy | Mean | 13,462 | 11.6 | 217 | 18.7 | ||||
| Campbell 2013 [31] | Cabx exposure | Mean | 1641 | 7.8 | 5.7 | 9.9 | 1641 | 29.3 | 34.7 | |
| Quimbo 2013 [57] | Concomitant Antibiotic Use | Mean | 17,716 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 4429 | 17.9 | 17.0 | 18.9 |
| Lagu 2014 [42] | Sepsis | Mean | 4736 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 2368 | 19.2 | ||
| Reed 2008 | Septicemia | Mean | 1211 | 5.0 | 92 | 10.7 | 7.6 | |||
| Egorova 2015 [35] | Vascular surgery | Median | 450,251 | 6.7 | 4708 | 15.0 | 9.0a | 25.0a | ||
| Flagg 2014 [36] | Cardiac surgery | Median | 349,122 | 10.0 | 2580 | 21.0 | ||||
| Glance 2011 [38] | Trauma | Median | 149,656 | 10.0 | 768 | 16.0 | ||||
| Lemaire 2015 [43] | Cardiac surgery (CABG) | Median | 421,294 | 12.0 | 19.0 | |||||
| Lemaire 2015 [43] | Cardiac surgery (VS) | Median | 90,923 | 16.0 | 24.0 | |||||
| Reed 2008 | Congestive Heart Failure | Mean | 2542 | 5.0 | 35 | 9.7 | 7.0 | |||
| Reed 2008 | OR procedure for infectious /parasitic diseases | Mean | 449 | 2.0 | 32 | 14.7 | 8.6 | |||
| Lawrence 2007 [44] | ICU | Median | 76 | 14.9 | 1.0b | 86.0b | ||||
| Lawrence 2007 [44] | ICU | Median | 76 | 38.3 | 4.0b | 184.0b | ||||
| Ali 2012 [27] | Liver transplant | Mean | 193,714 | 10.1 | 5159 | 17.8 | ||||
| Singal 2014 [60] | Cirrhosis | Mean | 89,673 | 7.5 | 1444 | 13.9 | ||||
| Quimbo 2013 [57] | Immunocompromised | Mean | 14,344 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 3586 | 22.1 | 20.6 | 23.7 |
| Campbell 2013 [31] | Renal impairment | Mean | 3236 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 3236 | 22.7 | 28.2 | |
| Quimbo 2013 [57] | Renal impairment | Mean | 22,132 | 17.3 | 16.4 | 18.3 | 5533 | 37.5 | 35.5 | 39.6 |
| Campbell 2013 [31] | Cancer/BMT | Mean | 782 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 5.7 | 782 | 21.3 | 18.5 | |
| Weighted Mean | 10,120,864 | 7.8 | 168,892 | 13.5 | ||||||
| Both CO-CDI and HO-CDI inpatient cost | ||||||||||
| Song 2008 [61] | General | Median | 1260 | 4.0 | 630 | 22.0 | ||||
| Stewart 2011 [62] | General | Mean | 82,414 | 5.1 | 41,207 | 13.0 | 14.0 | |||
| Nylund 2011 [50] | Children, 1997 | Median | 3565 | 3.0 | 3565 | 5.0 | 3.0a | 14.0a | ||
| Nylund 2011 [50] | Children, 2000 | Median | 4356 | 4.0 | 4356 | 6.0 | 3.0a | 15.0a | ||
| Nylund 2011 [50] | Children, 2003 | Median | 5574 | 4.0 | 5574 | 6.0 | 3.0a | 14.0a | ||
| Nylund 2011 [50] | Children, 2006 | Median | 7779 | 4.0 | 7779 | 6.0 | 3.0a | 15.0a | ||
| Sammons 2013 [59] | Children | Median | 698,616 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 13.8 | 698,616 | 10.0 | 5.0a | 23.0a |
| Bajaj 2010 [30] | Cirrhosis | Mean | 83,230 | 7.1 | 1165 | 14.4 | ||||
| Bajaj 2010 [30] | CDI only | Mean | 58,220 | 12.7 | ||||||
| Pant 2013 [55] | IBD | Mean | 12,610 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 447 | 8.2 | ||
| Dubberke 2008 [33] | Non-surgical | Median | 24,691 | 6.0 | 439 | 10.0 | 2. 0b | 87.0b | ||
| Lawrence 2007 [44] | ICU stay | Median | 1872 | 3.1 | 76 | 6.1 | 1.0b | 86.0b | ||
| Lawrence 2007 [44] | Hospital stay | Median | 1872 | 14.4 | 76 | 24.5 | 2.0b | 184.0b | ||
| Maltenfort 2013 [47] | Arthroplasty | Median | – | 7.0 | – | 10.0 | 7.0a | 17.0a | ||
| Zerey 2007 [67] | Surgical | Median | 1,553,597 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 16.4 | 8113 | 18.0 | ||
| Pant 2012 [53] | Organ transplant | Median | 49,198 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 63,651 | |||
| Pant 2012 (2) [54] | Renal disease | Coefficient | 184,139 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 59,793 | |||
| Zilberberg 2009 [68] | Prolonged acute mechanical ventilation | Median | 3370 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 3468 | 25.0 | 15.0a | 40.0a |
| Weighted Mean | 2,718,143 | 13.6 | 957,175 | 9.0 | ||||||
Abbreviations: CO-CDI community-onset CDI, HO-CDI Hospital-onset CDI, PAMV prolonged acute mechanical ventilation, Cabx concomitant antibiotic use, UC ulcerative colitis, CD Crohn’s disease, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, ICU intensive care unit, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, VS valvular surgery, BMT, PD primary diagnosis, SD secondary diagnosis, Calculated numbers were marked in Italic, attributable cost = cost of CDI group- cost of control non-CDI group
aQ1-Q3
bMin-Max