Figure 4.

Signaling mechanisms of ROS-mediated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation. Inflammatory stimuli (proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, etc.), and ROS produced by mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, and the endoplasmic reticulum triggers those kinase pathways that results in NF-κB activation. NF-κB can then translocate to the nucleus and induces target gene transcription, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. Orz can reduce inflammation by scavenging ROS and consequently inhibiting the NF-κB pathways.