Table 3.
Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy using binary logistic regression analysis.
| Parameters | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age (per 1 year) | 0.992 (0.973–1.011) | 0.392 | 0.974 (0.948–1.001) | 0.060 |
| Male gender (versus female) | 0.862 (0.541–1.373) | 0.532 | 0.920 (0.495–1.709) | 0.793 |
| CAD | 0.858 (0.275–2.679) | 0.792 | - | - |
| CVD | 0.315 (0.04–2.506) | 0.275 | - | - |
| Log duration of DM (per 1 year) | 5.295 (2.145–13.070) | <0.001 | 6.133 (2.231–16.860) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (per 1 mmHg) | 1.014 (1.000–1.028) | 0.052 | - | - |
| Diastolic BP (per 1 mmHg) | 1.005 (0.984–1.026) | 0.641 | - | - |
| WC (per 1 cm) | 0.975 (0.946–1.006) | 0.109 | - | - |
| HC (per 1 cm) | 0.974 (0.941–1.008) | 0.127 | - | - |
| W-to-H ratio (per 0.01) | 0.952 (0.478–1.894) | 0.888 | - | - |
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.961 (0.906–1.019) | 0.185 | - | - |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.238 (1.086–1.411) | 0.001 | 1.217 (1.013–1.461) | 0.035 |
| Log Triglyceride (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.550 (0.644–3.732) | 0.328 | - | - |
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.005 (1.000–1.009) | 0.057 | - | - |
| HDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.007 (0.988–1.027) | 0.469 | - | - |
| LDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.001 (0.995–1.008) | 0.701 | - | - |
| Fasting glucose (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.005 (1.001–1.008) | 0.007 | 1.000 (0.995–1.005) | 0.966 |
| HbA1c (per 1%) | 1.172 (1.045–1.315) | 0.007 | 1.159 (0.963–1.395) | 0.118 |
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.992 (0.984–0.999) | 0.026 | 0.997 (0.986–1.008) | 0.605 |
Values express as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Abbreviations are same as Table 1.