Table 1.
Antioxidant activities of some wild fruits.
| Wild Fruits | Bioactive Compounds | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 56 wild fruits from South China | polyphenols | antioxidant activity | [3] |
| Prunus mahaleb | total anthocyanin and phenolics | scavenging free radicals (oxygen radicals) | [27] |
| Psidium acutangulum | phenolics, citric, annurcoic, ω3, ω6, ω9 fatty acids, and ascorbic acid | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS) | [28] |
| Sorbus torminalis | phenolic compounds | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, superoxide anion radicals), antioxidant activity | [29] |
| Ziziphus mistol | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) | [30] |
| Annona cherimola | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation | [31] |
| Myrica esculenta | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [32] |
| Vaccinium meridionale | phenolic compounds | scavenging free radicals (ABTS), antioxidant activity | [33] |
| Lycium ruthenicum | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [34] |
| Malpighia ernarginata | phenolic acids | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, oxygen radical) | [35] |
| Morus rubra | not mentioned | antioxidant activity | [36] |
| Bunium persicum | Phenolics and flavonoids | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), antioxidant activity | [37] |
| Elaeagnus latifolia | phenolics and flavonoids | scavenging hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen radicals, hypochlorous acid | [38] |
| Solanum incanum | 3-O-acetyl-and4-O-acetyl-5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acids | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH) and iron chelation activity | [39] |
| Rosa canina | α-tocopherol, β-carotene, reducing sugar, and ascorbic acid | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and lipid peroxidation | [40] |
| Mespilus germanica | not mentioned | scavenging nitric oxide and H2O2 radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation | [41] |
| Aristotelia chilensis | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, superoxide radicals, oxygen radicals), antioxidant activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation | [42] |
| Myrtus communis | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid) | [43] |
| Rubus hirsutus | Phenolics and flavonoids | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), antioxidant activity | [44] |
| Piper capense | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (ABTS) | [45] |
| Vitis coignetiae | anthocyanins | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH) | [46] |
| Syzygium cumini | phenolics, tannins, and anthocyanins | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical), inhibition of lipid peroxidation | [48] |
| Vatis amurensis | catechin, epicatechin, 4-methyl-catechol, gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and syringic acids | scavenging superoxide radicals | [49] |
| 14 wild genotypes of Citrus reticulata | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, oxygen radicals), antioxidant activity | [50] |
| 10 crabapples (Malus wild species) | polyphenols, flavonoids | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [51] |
| C. speciosa, C. thibetica, C. cathayensis, C. sinensis, C. japonica | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [52] |
| wild genotype of Vaccinium spp. | anthocyanin, polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical) | [53] |
| Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum scabrum | α-pinene | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), inhibition of β-carotene bleaching | [54] |
| wild Fragaria genotypes | not mentioned | antioxidant activity | [55] |
| Ensete superbum | Phenolics and tannin | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [56] |
| Fragaria vesca | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), antioxidant activity | [57] |
| Fragaria vesca | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [58] |
| wild strawberries | not mentioned | antioxidant activity | [59] |
| 2 wild raspberries | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [60] |
| 6 genotypes of Diospyros kaki | gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and quercetin | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical), antioxidant activity | [61] |
| Rosa canina | polyphenols and vitamin C | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [62] |
| Momordica charantia | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, hydroxyl radicals), protection against Cu2+-induced low-density-lipoprotein peroxidation | [63] |
| Prunus amygdalus | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), reducing power | [64] |
| 2 wild blueberries | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, oxygen radicals), antioxidant activity | [65] |
| Citrus hystrix | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), antioxidant activity | [66] |
| Amygdalus lycioides, Amygdalus kotschyi, Amygdalus pabotti, Amygdalus trichamygdalus | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (nitrite, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals), reducing power | [67] |
| Vaccinium miyrtillus | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (DPPH), antioxidant activity | [68] |
| Rubus croceacanthus and Rubus sieboldii | anthocyanins, ascorbic acid | scavenging oxygen radicals | [69] |
| wild cranberry | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (ABTS) | [70] |
| wild blueberry and cranberry | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [71] |
| Ugni molinae | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS) | [72] |
| 12 native Australian fruits | total phenolics | scavenging free radicals | [73] |
| 14 species of wild fruits | phenolics and flavonoids | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [74] |
| Rubus ulmifolius and Sambucus nigra | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [75] |
| Campomanesia cambessedeana, Byrsonoma verbascifolia, Pouteria guardneriana | phenolics and flavonoids | scavenging free radicals (oxygen radicals, peroxyl radicals), cellular antioxidant activity | [76] |
| Genipa americana, Spondia tuberose, Spondia purpurea | chlorogenic acid | scavenging free radicals (ABTS), antioxidant activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation in a biomimetic membrane system and mouse liver, inhibition of lipid peroxidation in mouse liver | [77] |
| Rubus megalococcus, Myrciaria aft cauliflora, Hyeronima macrocarpa | anthocyanin | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH) | [78] |
| 11 exotic fruits from Brazil | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS) | [79] |
| 15 wild fruits | polyphenols | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [80] |
| Ximenia caffra, Sclerocarya birrea, Parinari curatellifolia, Vitex payos, Bridelia molis, Berchemia zeyheri | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, superoxide anion radical), reducing power, inhibition of phospholipids peroxidation | [81] |
| cambuci, araca-boi, camu-camu, jaracatia, araca | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [82] |
| 23 wild blueberry fruits | phenolic compounds | scavenging free radicals (ABTS), antioxidant activity | [83] |
| Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia xanthochymus, Docynia indica, Rhus semialata and Averrhoa carambola | phenolics | antioxidant activity | [84] |
| Arbutus unedo, Rubus ulmifolius | phenolic acids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH), antioxidant activity | [85] |
| Prunus spinosa and Crataegus monogyna | phenolic compounds | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [86] |
| wild bacuri, caja, camu-camu, carnauba, gurguri, jabuticaba, jambolao, jucara, murta, black puca and puca fruits | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH) | [87] |
| Crataegus azarolus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Rubus ulmifolius, Sorbus domestica | Phenolics and carotenoids | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, H2O2) | [88] |
| Diospyros mespiliformis, Flacourtia indica, Uapaca kirkiana and Ziziphus mauritiana | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, superoxide anion radical), reducing power | [89] |
| Fragaria indica, Prunus armeniaca, Pyracantha crenulata and Rubus ellipticus | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS), antioxidant activity | [90] |
| 20 exotic fruits | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, oxygen radicals), antioxidant activity | [91] |
| 24 exotic Colombian fruits | soluble phenolics | scavenging free radicals (ABTS), antioxidant activity | [92] |
| wild abiu, acerola, wax jambu, cashew, mamey sapote, carambola or star fruit, Surinam cherry, longan, sapodilla and jaboticaba fruits | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (hypochlorous acid, ABTS, and DPPH) | [93] |
| exotic araca-boi, cajamanga, sirihuela, dovialis, landim, murici, tomatinho do mato fruits | phenolics | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH), antioxidant activity | [94] |
| 17 exotic fruits | phenolics and proanthocyanidins | antioxidant activity | [95] |
| Cornus mas, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus | polyphenolics | scavenging free radicals | [96] |
| Salacca edulis Reinw, Garcinia mangostana | phenolics | hindering the rise in plasma lipids and decrease of antioxidant activity in rats fed with cholesterol | [97] |
| Vaccinium angustifolium | polyphenols | improving brain antioxidant properties in mice (antioxidant activity, improving ascorbic acid concentration and glutathione levels, reducing lipid peroxidation products) | [98] |
| wild durian, snake fruit and mangosteen | not mentioned | scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH), antioxidant activity | [99] |
ABTS: 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.