Table 1.
Echocardiographic outcomes. Outcomes of echocardiographic evaluations on animals fed normal cholesterol-free rabbit chow (control); normal rabbit chow, containing 2% cholesterol (hypercholesterolemic, HC); rabbit chow containing 2% cholesterol + 2% WGLL (hypercholesterolemic treated, HCT). Outcomes evaluated included the following: heart rate (HR); beats per minute (bpm); aortic diameter (Ao); left ventricle (LV); right ventricle (RV); end-systolic diameter (ESD); end-diastolic diameter (EDD); parasternal long axis view (PLAX); short axis view (SAX); fractional shortening (FS) of the left ventricle; ejection fraction of the left ventricle (EF); calculated weight of the left ventricle (LV mass); peak mitral early diastolic inflow velocity/peak atrial diastolic inflow velocity (E/A); deceleration time of the E wave from maximum to baseline (DecT); peak mitral inflow velocity/average of spectral tissue Doppler peak early diastolic velocities at the septal and lateral corner of mitral annulus (E/E’); maximal velocity of left ventricle outflow (LVOTVmax); left ventricle outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOTVTI); peak early diastolic velocity of the lateral wall, spectral tissue Doppler/peak atrial diastolic velocity of the lateral wall, spectral tissue Doppler (E’/A’); peak systolic velocity (S); mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE); and tricuspidal annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE).
| Mean ± SEM | HR (bpm) | Ao (cm) | LV ESD (cm) | LV EDD (cm) | FS PLAX (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 180.8 ± 4.145 | 0.946 ± 0.024 | 1.016 ± 0.091 | 1.655 ± 0.050 | 39.370 ± 5.021 |
| HC | 150.2 ± 4.303 * | 0.919 ± 0.025 | 1.242 ± 0.045 * | 1.756 ± 0.063 | 29.220 ± 0.803 * |
| HCT | 185.0 ± 7.053 ** | 0.898 ± 0.012 | 1.184 ± 0.020 | 1.793 ± 0.031 | 33.820 ± 1.312 ** |
| EF PLAX (%) | LV mass PLAX (g) | FS SAX (%) | EF SAX (%) | LV mass SAX (g) | |
| Control | 56.910 ± 1.294 | 6.632 ± 0.478 | 32.310 ± 0.717 | 54.130 ± 0.961 | 6.573 ± 0.351 |
| HC | 49.810 ± 1.140 * | 8.218 ± 0.628 | 29.010 ± 1.056 * | 49.430 ± 1.517 * | 8.315 ± 0.792 * |
| HCT | 55.990 ± 1.756 ** | 8.769 ± 0.169 * | 32.970 ± 1.131 ** | 54.930 ± 1.522 ** | 8.195 ± 0.226 * |
| E/A | DecT (ms) | E/E’ | LVOTVmax (cm/s) | LVOTVTI (cm) | |
| Control | 1.376 ± 0.045 | 71.250 ± 4.101 | 1.417 ± 0.058 | 84.280 ± 2.131 | 0.071 ± 0.002 |
| HC | 1.207 ± 0.037 * | 87.440 ± 3.534 * | 1.775 ± 0.101 | 87.940 ± 5.719 | 0.080 ± 0.005 |
| HCT | 1.344 ± 0.076 | 69.540 ± 4.787 ** | 1.718 ± 0.155 | 77.150 ± 2.157 | 0.0685 ± 0.002 |
| E’/A’ (lateral) | MAPSE (cm) | RV S′ (cm/s) | RV E′/A′ | TAPSE (cm) | |
| Control | 1.303 ± 0.058 | 0.527 ± 0.018 | 8.935 ± 0.273 | 1.336 ± 0.051 | 0.576 ± 0.012 |
| HC | 1.109 ± 0.071 | 0.571 ± 0.025 | 8.103 ± 0.215 * | 1.233 ± 0.092 | 0.576 ± 0.015 |
| HCT | 1.065 ± 0.117 | 0.592 ± 0.030 * | 9.156 ± 0.210 ** | 1.055 ± 0.077 * | 0.644 ± 0.020 ** |
* p < 0.05 in comparison to mean the values of the control group; ** p < 0.05 in comparison to the mean values of the HC group.