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. 2016 Aug 12;17(8):1328. doi: 10.3390/ijms17081328

Table 1.

Cohort studies investigating vitamin C and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Cohort Population Mean Follow-up Size (n) Age (years) Outcomes
EPIC [14,15] Healthy men and women 4 years 19,496 45 to 79 Plasma vitamin C inversely related to risk of heart failure and mortality from CVD and ischemic heart disease
CARDIA [16] Healthy men and women 15 years 2884 18 to 30 Dietary vitamin C inversely related to hypertension
Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study [17] Healthy men 5 years 1605 42, 48, 54, or 60 Vitamin C deficiency associated with increased CHD risk
NHS [12] Healthy women 16 years 85,118 30 to 55 Vitamin C from supplements (but not from foods) associated with lower risk of CHD
HPFS [13] Healthy males 4 years 39,910 40 to 75 Vitamin C intake not associated with CHD risk
IRAS and SLVDS [18] Diabetic men and women 4 years IRAS n = 520, SLVDS n = 422 IRAS: 40 to 69; SLVDS: 20 to 74 Vitamin C not associated with CVD risk factor status
Iowa Women’s Health Study [19] Postmenopausal diabetic women 15 years 1923 55 to 69 Supplemental vitamin C intake associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality

EPIC: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; CARDIA: Coronary Artery Development in Young Adults Study; NHS: Nurses’ Health Study; HPFS: Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; IRAS: Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study; SLVDS: San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.