Table 1.
Cohort | Population | Mean Follow-up | Size (n) | Age (years) | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPIC [14,15] | Healthy men and women | 4 years | 19,496 | 45 to 79 | Plasma vitamin C inversely related to risk of heart failure and mortality from CVD and ischemic heart disease |
CARDIA [16] | Healthy men and women | 15 years | 2884 | 18 to 30 | Dietary vitamin C inversely related to hypertension |
Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study [17] | Healthy men | 5 years | 1605 | 42, 48, 54, or 60 | Vitamin C deficiency associated with increased CHD risk |
NHS [12] | Healthy women | 16 years | 85,118 | 30 to 55 | Vitamin C from supplements (but not from foods) associated with lower risk of CHD |
HPFS [13] | Healthy males | 4 years | 39,910 | 40 to 75 | Vitamin C intake not associated with CHD risk |
IRAS and SLVDS [18] | Diabetic men and women | 4 years | IRAS n = 520, SLVDS n = 422 | IRAS: 40 to 69; SLVDS: 20 to 74 | Vitamin C not associated with CVD risk factor status |
Iowa Women’s Health Study [19] | Postmenopausal diabetic women | 15 years | 1923 | 55 to 69 | Supplemental vitamin C intake associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality |
EPIC: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; CARDIA: Coronary Artery Development in Young Adults Study; NHS: Nurses’ Health Study; HPFS: Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; IRAS: Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study; SLVDS: San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.