Table 2.

Clinical trials investigating vitamin C and CVD.

Clinical Trial	Population	Size (n)	Age (years)	Intervention	Trial Duration	Outcome(s)
Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study [22]	Females with history of CVD or 3 or more CVD risk factors	8171	40 and older	500 mg/day ascorbic acid	9.4 years	No effect on myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or CVD death
Vitamin C Trial in Obese Adults [24]	Obese men and women with hypertension and/or diabetes	64	20–60	500 mg/day ascorbic acid twice daily	8 weeks	No effect on total cholesterol of triglycerides
Physicians Health Study II [20]	Healthy males	14,641	50 and older	500 mg/day ascorbic acid	8 years	No effect on major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, or total mortality
SU.VI.MAX [21]	Healthy men and women	13,017 (7876 women, 5141 men)	Women 35–60; men 45–60	Daily blend of 120 mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, 100 μg selenium, and 20 mg zinc	7.5 years	No effect on incidence of ischemic CVD
HATS [25]	Men and women with coronary disease	160	Men under 63; women under 70	800 IU vitamin E, 1000 mg vitamin C, 25 mg natural beta-carotene, 100 μg selenium; and simvastatin and niacin	3 years	No effect on LDL or HDL with antioxidant supplement
WAVE [23]	Postmenopausal women with CVD	423	Postmenopausal (mean age of 65)	800 IU vitamin E and 1000 mg of vitamin C	2.8 years	Higher all-cause mortality in the antioxidant group versus the placebo

SU.VI.MAX: Supplementation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants; HATS: HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study; WAVE: Women’s Angiographic Vitamin and Estrogen trial.