Table 3.
Polyphenols in cancer prevention: in vivo studies.
| Animal Model | Carcinogen | Compound or Extract | Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swiss ICR Mice | Cigarette smoke (CS) | Black chokeberry and strawberry aqueous extracts | Reduce cytogenetic damage, liver degeneration, pulmonary emphysema and lung adenomas Inhibit CS-related body weight loss |
[89] |
| Mice | BaP | Hesperidin | Attenuate mast cell density Down regulate expressions of COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 Exert anti-carcinogenic activity against lung cancer |
[90] |
| Swiss Albino Mice | BaP | Baicalein | Increase enzyme antioxidants and non-enzyme antioxidants Decrease the activity of phase I enzymes Increase the activity of phase II detoxification enzymes Preserve pulmonary microvasculature and normal growth pattern |
[91] |
| Swiss Albino mice | BaP | Mangiferin | Prevent decrement of electron transport chain complexes and TCA cycle key enzymes in lung cancer bearing mice | [92] |
| ICR Mice | Tobacco smoke | Apple polyphenol | Reduced inflammation Reverse oxidative stress in lung tissues Regulate the MMP-9 in cells |
[93] |
| Swiss Albino Mice | BaP | Naringenin | Activate the enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) Suppress unregulated expression of CYP1A1, PCNA and NF-κB Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) Reduce proliferative lesions in lung |
[94] |
| Swiss Albino Mice | BaP | Fisetin | Restore lipid peroxidase, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels Reduce the lung lesions Reduce PCNA |
[95] |
| A/J Mice | NNK | EGCG | Attenuate the induction of DNMT1 Reduce phospho-histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) and phospho-AKT (p-AKT) |
[96] |
| Sprague-Dawley Rats | NNK | Cape gooseberry extract | Reduce pulmonary hyperplasia Improve the DNA content Reduce expression of cell proliferation marker Ki-67 Enhance expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 |
[97] |
| Mongolian Gerbils | BaP | Quercetin | Suppress the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, phospho-c-Jun and phospho-JNK |
[98] |
Cyclooxygenase-2—COX-2; matrix metalloprotein—MMP; tricarboxylic acid—TCA; superoxide dismutase—SOD; catalase—CAT; glutathione peroxidase—GPx; Glutathione—GST; proliferating cell nuclear antigen—PCNA; nuclear factor-κ light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells—NF-κB; Tumor necrosis factor-α—TNF-α; Interleukin—IL; 4-(methylnitro-samino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone—NNK; and DNA methyltransferase 1—DNMT 1.