Table 3.

Summary of clinical research with entactogens.

Study	Drug (dose) / Design	Total N (no. females) / Diagnosis	Key Findings
Bouso et al., 2008	MDMA a (50 – 75mg) with psychotherapy / not completed	6 (6) / chronic PTSD b after sexual assault	Low doses (50 – 75mg) of MDMA were physiologically and psychologically well-tolerated in the study sample. However the study was not completed and therefore statistical analyses could not be conducted.
Mithoefer et al., 2011, 2012	MDMA (125 – 187.5mg) with psychotherapy / randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over	20 (17) / chronic treatment-resistant PTSD	Significant decreases in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores from baseline to 2 months post-treatment, with sustained decreases in CAPS scores in 16 volunteers who completed a long-term follow-up 17 – 74 months post-treatment.
Oehen et al., 2013	MDMA (125 – 187.5 mg) with psychotherapy / randomized double-blind active placebo (25 – 37.5 mg MDMA)	12 (10) / chronic treatment-resistant PTSD	Decreases in CAPS scores that did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.066) at 2 months post-treatment. Clinically and statistically significant self-reported improvement on Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (p = 0.014) at 2 months post-treatment. CAPS scores improved further at 12-month follow-up. Three MDMA sessions were more effective than two (p = 0.016).

Note.

^aMDMA = .3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

^bPTSD = Post-traumatic stress disorder.