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. 2016 Aug 26;11(8):e0161816. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161816

Fig 1. Simplified TCA cycle and anaplerosis in CNS and muscle.

Fig 1

Red numbers indicate anaplerotic pathways, that can refill the levels of C4 intermediates of the cycle: 1 pyruvate carboxylase (mostly in CNS), 2 propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and 3 glutamic pyruvic transaminases (very important in muscle). C5 ketones, branched chain amino acids and heptanoate, are metabolized to propionyl-CoA and can therefore be anaplerotic via the propionyl-CoA carboxylation pathway. OAA–oxaloacetate, 2-OG– 2-oxoglutarate, Ile–isoleucine, Val—valine.