Table 4. Determinants of public, private and multiple health insurance coverage among rural/ urban residents: Results from the multinomial logit model (Base outcome: public insurance only).
| Rural residents | Urban residents | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private insurance only | Multiple coverage: public & private insurance | No insurance | Private insurance only | Multiple coverage: public & private insurance | No insurance | ||
| Migrant | 1.39 | 1.13* | 1.37*** | 2.32*** | 0.91 | 1.31** | |
| (0.91–2.12) | (1.00–1.27) | (1.19–1.58) | (1.70–3.16) | (0.75–1.11) | (1.04–1.64) | ||
| Poor or fair health | 0.53*** | 0.80*** | 0.85** | 0.70** | 0.94 | 1.08 | |
| (0.35–0.80) | (0.71–0.89) | (0.74–0.98) | (0.51–0.96) | (0.80–1.11) | (0.87–1.34) | ||
| Any chronic disease | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.75*** | 0.70** | 1.08 | 0.55*** | |
| (0.68–1.44) | (0.90–1.12) | (0.66–0.85) | (0.51–0.95) | (0.92–1.28) | (0.44–0.68) | ||
| Age (10 years) | 0.83 | 0.74*** | 0.86*** | 1.30*** | 0.82*** | 0.75*** | |
| (0.64–1.07) | (0.69–0.80) | (0.79–0.93) | (1.08–1.57) | (0.74–0.91) | (0.65–0.86) | ||
| Female | 0.83 | 0.85** | 1.12 | 1.44** | 0.91 | 1.18 | |
| (0.47–1.46) | (0.73–0.99) | (0.94–1.35) | (1.01–2.04) | (0.76–1.10) | (0.92–1.51) | ||
| Currently Married | 1.33 | 0.95 | 0.50*** | 1.08 | 0.94 | 0.65*** | |
| (0.65–2.73) | (0.79–1.13) | (0.43–0.59) | (0.69–1.71) | (0.72–1.22) | (0.48–0.86) | ||
| Household size (referred to 1–2 family members) | |||||||
| 3–4 | 0.90 | 1.09 | 0.88* | 1.09 | 1.10 | 0.89 | |
| (0.53–1.51) | (0.95–1.24) | (0.76–1.02) | (0.78–1.51) | (0.92–1.32) | (0.71–1.12) | ||
| 5 or more | 0.98 | 1.25*** | 0.88* | 0.58** | 1.07 | 0.82 | |
| (0.61–1.57) | (1.09–1.43) | (0.76–1.02) | (0.36–0.95) | (0.86–1.33) | (0.62–1.08) | ||
| Income (referred to lowest income) | |||||||
| Lower | 0.85 | 1.05 | 0.83** | 0.46 | 1.03 | 0.45*** | |
| (0.45–1.63) | (0.90–1.22) | (0.71–0.96) | (0.13–1.63) | (0.64–1.67) | (0.30–0.68) | ||
| Middle | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.73*** | 1.19 | 0.85 | 0.46*** | |
| (0.55–1.87) | (0.87–1.17) | (0.61–0.86) | (0.58–2.44) | (0.59–1.21) | (0.34–0.63) | ||
| Higher | 1.59 | 1.04 | 0.71*** | 1.45 | 0.93 | 0.48*** | |
| (0.87–2.93) | (0.88–1.22) | (0.59–0.85) | (0.78–2.70) | (0.68–1.28) | (0.37–0.63) | ||
| Highest | 2.03** | 1.33*** | 0.74*** | 1.47 | 1.36** | 0.22*** | |
| (1.08–3.83) | (1.13–1.58) | (0.60–0.91) | (0.80–2.70) | (1.01–1.84) | (0.16–0.29) | ||
| Education (referred to no formal education) | |||||||
| No education but can read/write | 0.70 | 0.76*** | 0.88 | 1.72 | 1.18 | 0.84 | |
| (0.36–1.37) | (0.65–0.90) | (0.74–1.05) | (0.85–3.48) | (0.77–1.80) | (0.58–1.22) | ||
| Primary school | 0.63 | 0.86* | 0.77*** | 1.57 | 1.34 | 0.72* | |
| (0.34–1.17) | (0.74–1.01) | (0.64–0.92) | (0.81–3.02) | (0.91–1.98) | (0.51–1.02) | ||
| Junior high school and above | 1.08 | 0.92 | 0.65*** | 1.76* | 1.67*** | 0.45*** | |
| (0.62–1.89) | (0.79–1.08) | (0.53–0.79) | (0.96–3.23) | (1.18–2.37) | (0.33–0.63) | ||
| Employment status (referred to farmers) | |||||||
| Unemployed or retired | 2.45*** | 1.06 | 1.59*** | 1.24 | 1.37* | 1.00 | |
| (1.51–3.96) | (0.92–1.21) | (1.37–1.84) | (0.67–2.32) | (0.98–1.91) | (0.71–1.39) | ||
| Informal employed | 1.86* | 0.93 | 1.69*** | 1.41 | 1.19 | 1.61** | |
| (1.00–3.45) | (0.78–1.12) | (1.38–2.06) | (0.69–2.90) | (0.80–1.77) | (1.09–2.39) | ||
| Formal employed | 1.14 | 0.81*** | 1.27** | 0.93 | 1.75*** | 0.82 | |
| (0.65–1.99) | (0.70–0.94) | (1.05–1.54) | (0.48–1.80) | (1.24–2.47) | (0.55–1.23) | ||
| Health checkup | 0.83 | 1.22*** | 0.76*** | 0.87 | 1.07 | 0.77** | |
| (0.48–1.43) | (1.06–1.39) | (0.64–0.91) | (0.60–1.27) | (0.89–1.28) | (0.61–0.96) | ||
| Currently smoking | 0.74 | 0.97 | 1.10 | 1.19 | 0.90 | 1.16 | |
| (0.44–1.23) | (0.84–1.12) | (0.93–1.30) | (0.83–1.71) | (0.74–1.09) | (0.91–1.49) | ||
| 2013 | 0.77 | 1.79*** | 0.64*** | 0.43*** | 2.82*** | 0.49*** | |
| (0.54–1.12) | (1.63–1.96) | (0.57–0.71) | (0.32–0.58) | (2.44–3.26) | (0.42–0.58) | ||
| Constant | 0.01*** | 0.37*** | 0.41*** | 0.00*** | 0.12*** | 5.92*** | |
| (0.00–0.14) | (0.22–0.64) | (0.21–0.80) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.04–0.31) | (1.86–18.89) | ||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.03 | 0.08 | |||||
| Observations | 27,352 | 7,716 | |||||
Notes: Relative Risk Ratios and 95% confidence intervals were shown. Multinomial logit model was used with public health insurance as the reference group. All models included sampling weights, province dummy and adjusted for clustering at the individual level. Significance level
*** p<0.01
** p<0.05
* p<0.10.