Fig 4. Across-session summary of reward encoding.

(A) The distribution of effect sizes across the population from one session in each monkey (Monkey M, Session 4 and Monkey T, Session 1) as measured by mean relative pseudo-R²s are shown for kinematics, return reach goal, and reward. A large fraction of neurons in both PMd and M1 remained statistically significantly modulated by reward after controlling for cue uncertainty, reward in the previous trial, error magnitude, instantaneous kinematics, and planning of the return reach. (B) A stacked bar shows the number of significant neurons at the 2-sigma level for each session. The representative session for which histograms of effect sizes are shown above is indicated with a black border.