Table 3. Associations Between Work-Family Life Courses and Metabolic Markers at Age 53 for Women.
| Model 1 –crude association | Model 2 –model 1 + early life factors | Model 3 –model 2 + adult mediators | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression coefficienta | 95% CI | Regression coefficienta | 95% CI | Regression coefficienta | 95% CI | |
| Waist circumference (n = 1244) | ||||||
| Work, early family | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Work, marriage, non-parent | -4.27 | -8.02, -0.51 | -4.67 | -8.37, -0.97 | -4.74 | -8.50, -0.98 |
| Work, no family | -1.90 | -6.42, 2.63 | -1.33 | -5.82, 3.16 | -0.46 | -4.81, 3.90 |
| Work, later family | -0.45 | -6.20, 5.30 | -0.35 | -5.92, 5.21 | 0.28 | -5.05, 5.60 |
| Later family, work break | -0.47 | -3.87, 2.93 | -0.67 | -3.98, 2.64 | -0.31 | -3.61, 3.00 |
| Early family, work break | -0.89 | -4.08, 2.30 | -1.41 | -4.54, 1.72 | -1.26 | -4.29, 1.77 |
| Part-time work, early family | -1.76 | -4.65, 1.12 | -2.66 | -5.52, 0.20 | -2.14 | -4.65, 0.66 |
| No paid work, early family | -0.80 | -4.99, 3.39 | -1.73 | -5.85, 2.40 | -1.87 | -5.95, 2.21 |
| R-squared | 0.9 | 5.2 | 10.1 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (n = 1213) | ||||||
| Work, early family | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Work, marriage, non-parent | 2.43 | -4.14, 8.99 | 1.54 | -5.04, 8.12 | 3.07 | -3.32, 9.47 |
| Work, no family | -1.12 | -7.91, 5.68 | -1.08 | -7.97, 5.81 | -0.14 | -7.11, 6.82 |
| Work, later family | 2.82 | -6.27, 11.91 | 2.70 | -6.65, 12.04 | 1.54 | -7.41, 10.50 |
| Later family, work break | -1.20 | -6.35, 3.95 | -1.62 | -6.94, 3.69 | -2.04 | -7.49, 3.41 |
| Early family, work break | 2.90 | -2.59, 8.38 | 2.26 | -3.29, 7.81 | 2.39 | -3.13, 7.91 |
| Part-time work, early family | 1.38 | -2.89, 5.66 | 0.79 | -3.62, 5.19 | 1.25 | -3.21, 5.71 |
| No paid work, early family | 2.57 | -3.24, 8.37 | 1.65 | -4.21, 7.52 | 2.02 | -3.67, 7.72 |
| R-squared | 0.2 | 1.3 | 8.1 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (n = 1219) | ||||||
| Work, early family | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Work, marriage, non-parent | 0.18 | -3.51, 3.88 | -0.24 | -3.92, 3.45 | 0.77 | -2.87, 4.41 |
| Work, no family | 0.29 | -3.61, 4.18 | 0.09 | -3.90, 4.07 | 0.76 | -3.36, 4.88 |
| Work, later family | 0.56 | -3.73, 4.84 | 0.32 | -4.12, 4.77 | -0.33 | -4.68, 4.02 |
| Later family, work break | -0.44 | -3.28, 2.41 | -0.66 | -3.53, 2.21 | -0.73 | -3.64, 2.18 |
| Early family, work break | -0.10 | -3.07, 2.88 | -0.26 | -3.27, 2.74 | -0.03 | -3.05, 2.99 |
| Part-time work, early family | 0.10 | -2.54, 2.74 | -0.15 | -2.83, 2.54 | 0.16 | -2.49, 2.81 |
| No paid work, early family | 1.36 | -2.14, 4.86 | 1.15 | -2.42, 4.71 | 1.54 | -1.95, 5.03 |
| R-squared | 0.2 | 1.2 | 8.4 | |||
| % differenceb | 95% CI | % differenceb | 95% CI | % differenceb | 95% CI | |
| Triglycerides (n = 1448) | ||||||
| Work, early family | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Work, marriage, non-parent | 13.43 | -4.12, 34.21 | 13.99 | -3.44, 34.57 | 24.09 | 6.68, 44.35 |
| Work, no family | 2.63 | -14.09, 22.60 | 5.76 | -11.44, 26.29 | 12.43 | -4.24, 32.00 |
| Work, later family | 10.40 | -14.86, 43.15 | 11.70 | -14.18, 45.38 | 9.99 | -13.12, 39.35 |
| Later family, work break | -2.39 | -14.12, 10.96 | -1.78 | -13.71, 11.79 | 1.19 | -10.41, 14.30 |
| Early family, work break | 10.61 | -3.34, 26.58 | 10.66 | -3.37, 26.73 | 14.71 | 1.62, 29.47 |
| Part-time work, early family | 6.11 | -5.68, 19.37 | 5.06 | -6.66, 18.25 | 8.84 | -2.18, 21.11 |
| No paid work, early family | 7.73 | -9.72, 28.55 | 7.62 | -9.52, 28.02 | 9.29 | -5.91, 26.95 |
| R-squared | 0.7 | 2.6 | 19.3 | |||
| HDL cholesterol (n = 1419) | ||||||
| Work, early family | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Work, marriage, non-parent | 3.77 | -4.65, 12.92 | 3.63 | -4.71, 12.71 | -0.14 | -7.27, 7.53 |
| Work, no family | 2.40 | -7.19, 12.99 | 1.13 | -8.27, 11.50 | -0.50 | -9.22, 9.06 |
| Work, later family | -6.63 | -17.36, 5.50 | -8.46 | -19.54, 4.16 | -8.86 | -18.49, 1.91 |
| Later family, work break | 3.17 | -4.35, 11.28 | 3.12 | -4.56, 11.43 | 0.45 | -6.78, 8.23 |
| Early family, work break | 0.60 | -6.46, 8.19 | 0.48 | -6.49, 7.97 | -2.00 | -8.29, 4.72 |
| Part-time work, early family | -0.21 | -6.63, 6.65 | 0.50 | -5.87, 7.31 | -1.07 | -6.82, 5.02 |
| No paid work, early family | 0.16 | -8.26, 9.36 | 0.87 | -7.39, 9.86 | -1.40 | -8.57, 6.35 |
| R-squared | 0.8 | 4.7 | 19.6 | |||
| HbA1c (n = 1500) | ||||||
| Work, early family | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Work, marriage, non-parent | -0.05 | -3.58, 3.61 | -0.24 | -3.76, 3.41 | 0.75 | -2.86, 4.50 |
| Work, no family | 1.73 | -1.45, 5.01 | 1.89 | -1.33, 5.21 | 2.48 | -0.75, 5.82 |
| Work, later family | -0.37 | -3.14, 2.48 | -0.61 | -3.42, 2.28 | -0.93 | -3.82, 2.05 |
| Later family, work break | -0.67 | -3.07, 1.78 | -0.77 | -3.18, 1.71 | -0.62 | -3.10, 1.93 |
| Early family, work break | -1.01 | -3.28, 1.32 | -1.07 | -3.36, 1.28 | -0.56 | -2.74, 2.68 |
| Part-time work, early family | 0.80 | -1.36, 3.01 | 0.51 | -1.64, 2.72 | 0.83 | -1.31, 3.03 |
| No paid work, early family | 3.09 | -1.74, 8.16 | 2.69 | -2.07, 7.67 | 2.76 | -1.55, 7.27 |
| R-squared | 0.5 | 2.9 | 10.6 | |||
aUnstandardised regression coefficients
b Results for triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and HbA1c are presented as percentage difference as these outcomes were log-transformed
Model 1—gender adjusted
Model 2 additionally includes gender, childhood social class, internalising and externalising disorders, and educational attainment
Model 3 additionally includes household social class, smoking status, physical activity, problem drinking, and BMI (except in regression with waist circumference)