Table 2.
Cohort-Specific Hazard Ratios for Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Relation to History of Gallstone Disease from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 112,520 women; 1980–2010), NHS II (112,919 women; 1989–2011) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 43,703 men; 1986–2010)
| NHS (1980–2010) | NHS II (1989–2011) | HPFS (1986–2010) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Gallstone Disease | Gallstone Disease | Gallstone Disease | ||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Total CHD | ||||||
| Cases/person years | 8425/2635977 | 2498/406551 | 1030/2155321 | 367/255359 | 8043/800863 | 902/51644 |
| rate/100k PY | 320/100k PY | 614/100k PY | 48/100k PY | 144/100k PY | 1004/100k PY | 1747/100k PY |
| Model 1 HR (95% CI), Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.51 (1.44–1.58) | 1.00 | 2.13 (1.88–2.40) | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) |
| Model 2 HR (95% CI), Multivariate-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.17–1.51) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.04–1.20) |
| Fatal and nonfatal MI | ||||||
| Cases/person years | 3958/2495311 | 1119/373491 | 512/2164332 | 152/258078 | 3804/849167 | 511/58840 |
| rate/100k PY | 159/100k PY | 300/100k PY | 24/100k PY | 59/100k PY | 448/100k PY | 868/100k PY |
| Model 1 HR (95% CI), Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.53 (1.43–1.63) | 1.00 | 1.87 (1.56–2.25) | 1.00 | 1.25 (1.13–1.37) |
| Model 2 HR (95% CI), Multivariate-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.05–1.22) | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.95–1.40) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) |
| Revascularization | ||||||
| Cases/person years | 6463/2555486 | 2047/388159 | 789/2162836 | 309/256952 | 6416/806390 | 684/51863 |
| rate/100k PY | 253/100k PY | 527/100k PY | 36/100k PY | 120/100k PY | 796/100k PY | 1319/100k PY |
| Model 1 HR (95% CI), Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.60 (1.52–1.68) | 1.00 | 2.23 (1.95–2.55) | 1.00 | 1.28 (1.18–1.39) |
| Model 2 HR (95% CI), Multivariate-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.13–1.26) | 1.00 | 1.35 (1.18–1.56) | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) |
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratios; MI, myocardial infarction; PY, person-year.
Model 1, adjusted for age;
Model 2 adjusted for age (months); race (white/nonwhite); family history of MI (yes/no); marital status (married/not married); smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, current smoker); body mass index (kg/m2); physical activity (metabolic equivalent task hours/d in quintiles); diabetes (yes/no); hypertension (yes/no); hypercholesterolemia (yes/no); regular use of aspirin (yes/no); daily intake of alcohol (0, 0.1–5.0, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, ≥15.0 g/d), daily intake of the energy-adjusted dietary cholesterol (g/d in quintiles), 2010 Alternate Healthy Eating Index (score in quintiles), and daily energy intake (kcal/d in quintiles). In NHS and NHS II, menopausal status (yes/no), postmenopausal hormone uses (yes/no), and uses of oral contraceptive pills (yes/no) were also considered as covariates.
The number of cases and incidence rates for the secondary outcomes (fatal and nonfatal MI, and revascularization) does not equal the number of cases for the primary outcome (total CHD), because some participants experienced both MI and revascularization in the same period. For total CHD, the first of these events is considered the incident event at which follow-up ends.