Table 3.
Estimated total CAM costs in the U.S. by modality, in million dollars
| All adults |
Cancer survivors |
Cancer-free adults |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 95% CI | % of total U.S. adults CAM costs |
Total | 95% CI | % of total U.S. cancer survivor CAM costs |
Total | 95% CI | % of total U.S. cancer- free adults CAM costs |
|
| CAM + Vitamins/minerals | 58,512.1 | (55,113.4, 61,910.8) | 100.0 | 6,697.8 | (5,288.4, 8,107.2) | 100.0 | 51,798.4 | (48,820.7, 54,776.2) | 100.0 |
| Vitamins/minerals | 33,196.1 | (30,840.2, 35,552.0) | 56.7 | 3,988.7 | (2,817.5, 5,160.0) | 59.6 | 29,196.9 | (27,232.9, 31,160.9) | 56.4 |
| CAM | 25,316.0 | (23,436.9, 27,195.1) | 43.3 | 2,709.1 | (2,126.2, 3,292.0) | 40.4 | 22,601.5 | (20,859.6, 24,343.5) | 43.6 |
| Non-vitamin/mineral natural product | 10,882.1 | (9,708.5, 12,055.8) | 18.6 | 1,195.6 | (749.6, 1,641.6) | 17.9 | 9,682.8 | (8,617.0, 10,748.6) | 18.7 |
| Manipulative and body-based therapies | 9,656.8 | (8,889.9, 10,423.8) | 16.5 | 1,048.1 | (791.5, 1,304.8) | 15.6 | 8,607.4 | (7,890.9, 9,323.9) | 16.6 |
| Chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation | 4,577.4 | (4,050.5, 5,104.3) | 7.8 | 425.6 | (301.2, 550.0) | 6.4 | 4,150.9 | (3,643.5, 4,658.2) | 8.0 |
| Craniosacral therapy | * | * | * | * | * | * | 76.5 | (36.9, 116.1) | 0.1 |
| Massage | 4,066.6 | (3,672.3, 4,460.9) | 7.0 | 485.9 | (329.6, 642.2) | 7.3 | 3,580.3 | (3,220.9, 3,939.8) | 6.9 |
| Movement and exercise techniques | 905.6 | (681.3, 1,129.8) | 1.5 | * | * | * | 799.7 | (580.8, 1,018.6) | 1.5 |
| Mind-body therapies | 2,625.8 | (2,168.6, 3,083.0) | 4.5 | 198.1 | (108.3, 287.9) | 3.0 | 2,427.7 | (1,993.8, 2,861.7) | 4.7 |
| Relaxation techniques | 448.2 | (330.5, 565.9) | 0.8 | * | * | * | 407.0 | (294.6, 519.5) | 0.8 |
| Yoga, tai chi, qi gong | 1,828.9 | (1,540.3, 2,117.5) | 3.1 | 156.0 | (84.9, 227.2) | 2.3 | 1,672.8 | (1,390.9, 1,954.8) | 3.2 |
| Alternative medical systems | 1,733.9 | (1,239.7, 2,228.2) | 3.0 | 219.7 | (144.3, 295.1) | 3.3 | 1,513.8 | (1,028.9, 1,998.7) | 2.9 |
| Acupuncture | 897.9 | (722.5, 1,073.4) | 1.5 | 133.7 | (78.7, 188.7) | 2.0 | 763.9 | (599.9, 927.8) | 1.5 |
| Ayurveda | 29.3 | (13.3, 45.3) | 0.1 | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Homeopathy | 208.3 | (126.3, 290.3) | 0.4 | * | * | * | 174.0 | (95.9, 252.2) | 0.3 |
| Naturopathy | 324.7 | (184.3, 465.2) | 0.6 | * | * | * | 282.4 | (153.7, 411.1) | 0.5 |
| Special diets | 113.3 | (77.5, 149.1) | 0.2 | * | * | * | 109.9 | (74.4, 145.3) | 0.2 |
Abbreviations: CAM, complementary and alternative medicine; CI, confidence interval
*
Indicates a relative standard error of greater than 30% and do not meet the standard of reliability or precision. Data on the following CAM modalities were not shown because most estimates did not meet the standard of reliability or precision: biofeedback, hypnosis, traditional healers, and energy healing therapy.
a
“CAM” includes non-vitamin/mineral natural products, manipulative and body-based therapies, mind-body therapies, alternative medical systems, energy healing therapy and special diets. “Vitamins/minerals” includes multivitamins/multiminerals, and vitamins/minerals.