Table 1. Causes of retrograde ejaculation.
| Category | Cause |
|---|---|
| Pharmacological | Alpha-adrenergic blockers |
| Psychotropic medications | |
| Neurogenic | Spinal cord injuries |
| Lumbar sympathectomy | |
| Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) | |
| Aorto-iliac vascular surgery | |
| Abdominoperineal resection | |
| Diabetic autonomic neuropathy | |
| Multiple sclerosis | |
| Myelodysplasia | |
| CVA | |
| Anatomical | |
| Congenital | Posterior urethral valves, utricular cysts and extrophy |
| Acquired | Transurethral bladder neck incision |
| Transurethral resection of prostate |
CVA, cerebrovascular accident.