Table 2. Causes of hematospermia (73).

Category	Causes
Congenital	Seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct cysts
Inflammatory	Urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, tuberculosis, CMV, HIV, schistosomiasis, hydatid, condylomata of urethra and meatus, urinary tract infection
Obstruction	Prostatic/seminal vesicle/ejaculatory duct calculi, post inflammatory, seminal vesicle diverticula/cyst, urethral stricture, utricle cyst, benign prostatic hypertrophy
Malignancy	Prostate, bladder, seminal vesicle, urethra, testis, epididymis, melanoma
Vascular	Prostatic varices, prostatic telangiectasia, haemangioma, posterior urethral veins, excessive sex or masturbation
Trauma/iatrogenic	Perineum, testicle, instrumentation, post haemorrhoid injection, prostate biopsy, vaso-venous fistula
Systemic	Hypertension, haemophilia, purpura, scurvy, bleeding disorders, chronic liver disease, renovascular disease, leukaemia, lymphoma, cirrhosis, amyloidosis

CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.