Table 1.

Patient Characteristics across Surgeon and Hospital Volume

Characteristics (%)	Surgeon Volume		P value	Hospital Volume		P value
	Low- volume (< 4)	High- volume (≥ 4)		Low- volume (< 11)	High- volume (≥ 11)
Sample size, N	1,309	1,144		1,023	1,430
Age group
< 70	22.1	21.2	0.763	20.7	22.5	0.376
70–74	30.5	32.1		31.3	31.2
75–79	27.7	28.2		27.4	28.3
> 80	19.6	18.5		20.6	18.0
Male	51.3	49.5	0.378	51.2	49.9	0.506
Race/ethnicity
Whites	82.2	87.8	0.0005	81.2	87.3	0.0002
Black	9.4	6.9		10.2	6.9
Hispanic/others	8.4	5.3		8.6	5.8
Periampullary cancer	68.2	71.1	0.127	68.1	70.6	0.198
Procedure
Pancreatic head resection	60.0	67.7	<0.0001	58.6	67.1	<0.0001
Distal Pancreatic resection	29.4	20.5		31.2	21.0
Pancreatectomy not specified	10.6	11.8		10.2	11.9
Summary Elixhauser comorbidity score, mean ± sd	4.5 ± 6.2	4.4 ± 5.7	0.812	4.2 ± 5.9	4.6 ± 6.0	0.068
Individual Elixhauser comorbidities*
Congestive heart failure	7.9	5.0	0.004	7.9	5.5	0.018
Hypertension	64.3	70.4	0.002	62.5	70.5	<0.0001
Hypothyroidism	14.1	18.4	0.004	13.1	18.2	0.0007
Solid tumor without metastasis	28.7	35.0	0.0008	26.5	35.3	<0.0001
Coagulopathy	2.7	4.4	0.022	2.6	4.1	0.059

^*Only significant comorbidities are presented in this table. Please refer Appendix 2 for the full list of comorbidities.