Table 2.
Maternal outcomes
| Normal weight N = 65 |
Overweight N = 66 |
Obese N = 127 |
*p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± sd | Mean ± sd | Mean ± sd | ||
| Initial weight (Kg) | 57.1 ± 5.7 | 69.9 ± 6.7 a | 91.2 ± 13.7 a,b | <0.001 |
| Final weight (Kg) | 71.5 ± 7.1 | 82.9 ± 7.6 a | 100.7 ± 15.4 a,b | <0.001 |
| Weight gain (Kg) | 14.4 ± 4.6 | 12.8 ± 5.7 | 9.6 ± 7.5 a,b | <0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 1.7 | 27.5 ± 1.3 a | 36.2 ± 4.9 a,b | <0.001 |
| Gestational BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 2.4 | 32.6 ± 2.7 a | 39.9 ± 5.5 a,b | <0.001 |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | †p-value | |
| Weight gain (Kg) | <0.001 | |||
| <8 | 5 (7.8) | 12 (18.2) | 58 (45.7) a,b | |
| 8 – 16 | 36 (55.4) | 36 (54.6) | 42 (33.1) a,b | |
| >16 | 24 (36.9) | 18 (27.3) | 27 (21.3) | |
| Gestational BMI (Kg/m2) | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 7 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) a | 0 (0.0) a | |
| Adequate | 33 (50.8) | 5 (7.6) a | 0 (0.0) a,b | |
| Overweight | 23 (35.4) | 35 (53.0) a | 8 (6.3) a,b | |
| Obese | 2 (3.1) | 26 (39.4) a | 119 (93.7) a,b | |
| Physical activity (yes) | 17 (26.2) | 34 (51.5) a | 55 (43.3) a | 0.010 |
| Intercurrent diseases | 30 (46.2) | 26 (39.4) | 62 (48.8) | 0.458 |
| Urinary infection | 8 (12.5) | 8 (11.9) | 30 (23.6) | |
| Genital infection | 12 (18.8) | 12 (17.9) | 15 (11.8) | |
| GH or PE | 4 (50.0) | 4 (19.0) | 16 (25.4) | |
| GDM | 8 (12.3) | 22 (33.3) a | 50 (39.4) a | <0.001 |
| MGH | 12 (18.4) | 15 (22.7) a | 27 (21.2) a | 0.005 |
| HbA1c (%) [3rd trimester] | 0.075 | |||
| <6.5 | 61 (93.8) | 53 (80.3) | 102 (80.3) | |
| 6.5 – 8.0 | 3 (4.6) | 13 (19.7) | 23 (18.1) | |
| ≥8.0 | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.57) | |
* ANOVA; Tukey test
† Chi-square test
a statistically different from the control group (p < 0.05)
b statistically different from the overweight group (p < 0.05)