Table 1.

List of putative candidate genes for domestication and ASD.

Gene symbol	Gene name	Domesticationa	Language-readinessb	NCCc	Craniofaciald	Brain rhythmicitye	ASD
							Candidatef	Differentially expressedg
ALX1	Aristaless-like homeobox protein 1			+	+
ALX3	Aristaless-like homeobox protein 3			+	+
ALX4	Aristaless-like homeobox protein 4			+	+
AXIN2	Axin 2			+	+			+
BAZ1B	Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 1B	+		+
BMP2	Bone morphogenetic protein 2	+	+	+	+
BMP7	Bone morphogenetic protein 7	+	+	+				+
CDC42	Cell division cycle 42		+	+				+
CHD7	Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7	+		+			+	+
CITED2	Cbp/p300 interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp rich carboxy-terminal domain 2		+	+				+
CTNNB1	Catenin Beta 1		+	+			+	+
DLX1	Distal-less homeobox 1		+	+				+
DLX2	Distal-less homeobox 2	+	+	+
DLX5	Distal-less homeobox 5	+	+	+	+	+	+
DLX6	Distal-less homeobox 6		+	+	+	+	+
EDN1	Endothelin 1			+	+			+
EDN3	Endothelin 3	+		+				+
EDNRA	Endothelin receptor type A			+	+			+
EDNRB	Endothelin receptor type B	+		+				+
ERF	ETS2 repressor factor			+	+			+
FGF7	Fibroblast growth factor 7		+	+
FGF8	Fibroblast growth factor 8	+	+	+				+
FGFR1	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	+	+	+	+
FGFR2	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2			+	+		+
FOXD3	Forkhead box D3	+		+			+
FOXP2	Forkhead box P2	+	+
FREM1	FRAS1 related extracellular matrix 1			+	+
GDNF	Glial-derived neurotrophic factor	+		+
GLI3	GLI family zinc finger 3	+	+	+	+
GRHL3	Grainyhead like transcription factor 3			+	+
GSC	Goosecoid homeobox			+	+
HES1	Hes family bHLH transcription factor 1	+	+	+				+
HOXA2	Homeobox A2			+	+	+
HSH2D	Hematopoietic SH2 domain containing			+	+
KIT	KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase	+		+			+	+
MAGOH	Mago homolog, exon junction complex core component	+		+				+
MITF	Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor	+		+				+
MSX1	Msh homeobox 1			+	+		+	+
MSX2	Msh homeobox 2			+	+			+
NCAM1	Neural cell adhesion molecule 1	+	+				+	+
NODAL	Nodal growth differentiation factor	+	+					+
NOG	Noggin			+	+
NTN1	Netrin 1			+	+			+
PAX3	Paired box 3	+	+	+
PAX6	Paired box 6		+	+		+	+	+
PAX7	Paired box 7				+			+
POLR1A	Polymerase (RNA) I subunit A				+		+
POU3F2	POU class 3 homeobox 2	+	+				+	+
PQBP1	Polyglutamine binding protein 1	+	+					+
PTCH1	Patched 1			+	+		+	+
RET	Ret proto-oncogene	+		+				+
ROBO1	Roundabout guidance receptor 1		+	+				+
ROBO2	Roundabout guidance receptor 2		+	+			+
RUNX2	Runt related transcription factor 2	+	+	+	+
SATB2	Special AT-rich sequence binding- homeobox 2		+	+				+
SHH	Sonic hedgehog	+	+	+	+
SIX2	Sine oculis-related homeobox 2			+	+
SLIT1	Slit guidance ligand 1		+	+
SLIT2	Slit guidance ligand 2		+	+				+
SOX2	Sex determining region Y-box 2	+	+	+				+
SOX9	Sex determining region Y-box 9	+	+	+	+		+	+
SOX10	Sex determining region Y-box 10	+	+	+			+
SPECC1L	Sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domains 1-like			+	+			+
TCF12	Trascription factor 12			+	+			+
TCOF1	Treacle ribosome biogenesis factor 1	+		+
VCAN	Versican		+	+				+
ZIC1	Zinc finger protein family member 1			+	+			+

^a Core candidates for the “domestication syndrome” according to Wilkins et al. (2014) (bold italicized tags) plus language-readiness genes functionally interacting with them according to Benítez-Burraco et al. (in press) (regular tags).

^b Genes highlighted as candidates for globularization of the AMH skull/brain and the emergence of language-readiness according to Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014a,b) and Benítez-Burraco and Boeckx (2015).

^c Involved in neural crest (NC) development and function.

^d Involved in craniofacial development and/or found mutated in craniofacial syndromes.

^e Involved in brain oscillation and rhythmicity.

^f Candidate for ASD as resulting from genomic studies (pathogenic SNPs, association studies, CNVs, functional studies, etc.).

^g Differentially expressed in postmortem brain tissues of ASD-vs.-control individuals (see text for details).