Table 1.

Summary of cross-sectional studies, non-interventional observational studies of the effects of GHD adolescents with CO-GHD.

Reference	N	MPHD/IGHD	Design	Age (years)	Tool	Groups	TB	LS	Body composition	CVS risks	Glucose metabolism	QOL
(38) (11) (3) (63)	40	28/12	2 years long	16±21	DXA	n=22 GHD n=19 GH-sufficient n=16 control	↑ 5% BMC	↑ 4% BMD	↓ 8% in LM in GHD ↑ 7% FM% in GHD	↑ in GHD	↔	↔a
(14)	16	0/16	6 years long	17.1±0.9	DXA	n=16 GHD	–	↓ Areal and volumeBMD	–	–	–	–
(26)	90		CS		PQCT	n=37 GHD n=53 GH-sufficient	↓ Cortical thickness Z-scores in both ↑ Cortical CSA in both ↓ SSI Z-score in GHD	–	↓ Muscle CSA in GHD ↑ Fat/muscle in GHD	↓ HDL ↑ LDL/HDL	–	–
(13)	18		CS	18–30	DXAisokinetic dynamometer	n=9 GHD n=9 GH-sufficient n=18 control	↓ BMD in GHD and GH-sufficient vs control	↓ BMD in GHD and GH-sufficient vs control	↓ LM ↓ FM ↓ Muscle strength in GHD and GH-sufficient vs control	–	–	–

^aNottingham Health Profile, Psychological General Well-Being, Mood Adjective Check List, visual analog scale and more.

↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, no significant changes or different; Long, longitudinal; CS, cross sectional; n, number of patients; GHD, growth hormone deficiency; IGHD, isolated growth hormone deficiency; MPHD, multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies; DXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; PQCT, peripheral quantitative computed tomography; BMD, bone mineral density; BMAD, bone mineral apparent density; BMC, bone mineral content; LM, lean mass; FM, fat mass; LS, lumbar spine; TB, total body; CVS, cardiovascular system; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.