Table 1.
Summaries of Subjects' Inclusion Criteria and Intervention Strategies
| Study design | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (year, country, reference) | Gender (n)a | Number and characteristics of patients/diseases | Inclusion criteria | Preparation of turmeric extracts and curcumin (powder) | Experimental intervention (type, dose, and duration) | Control intervention (type, dose, and duration) | Treatment groups (n)b |
| Kuptniratsaikul (2009, Thailand, 16) | RCT with two parallel groups M (n = 21) & F (n = 86) |
107 subjects age 50+ (CR 61.4 ± 8.7 IB 60.0 ± 8.4 years) OA |
1. Age >50 years 2. Morning stiffness 3. Crepitus with motion 4. Pain score of >5 of 10 |
Ethanolic extract of turmeric and powdering (mainly curcuminoids) |
Curcuma domestica extract capsules: 250 mg curcuminoids 4 × /day 6 weeks |
Ibuprofen: 400 mg/tablet twice daily 6 weeks |
1.CR (n = 45) 2. IB (n = 46) |
| Chandran (2012, India & USA, 24) | RCT with three parallel groups M (n = 7) and F (n = 38) |
45 subjects Age 18–65 (CR 47.9 ± 8.6 CR+DI 47.0 ± 16.2 DI 48.9 ± 10.8) RA |
1. Age 18–65 years 2. Diagnosed with RA (functional class I or II) and disease activity score >5.1 |
Curcumin | Curcumin: 500 mg/capsule twice daily Curcumin 500 mg+diclofenac sodium 50 mg/capsule twice daily 8 weeks |
Diclofenac sodium 50 mg/capsule twice daily 8 weeks |
1. CR (n = 15) 2. DI (n = 15) 3. CR+DI (n = 15) |
| Pinsornsak (2012, Thailand, 21) | RCT with two parallel groups M (n = 13) and F (n = 62) |
107 Subjects Age 38–80 (years, 45–54: n = 16 55–64: n = 24 65–74: n = 30 More than 75: n = 5) OA |
1. More than 38 years of age 2. <30 minutes of joint morning stiffness 3. Crepitus on active motion 4. Bony tenderness 5. Bony enlargement 6. No palpable warmth of synovium |
Curcumin powder | Diclofenac 25 and 250 mg curcumin Twice daily 3 months |
Diclofenac 25 and 250 mg placebo Twice daily 3 months |
1. CR+DI (n = 44) 2. DI (n = 44) |
| Madhu (2013, India, 22) | RCT with four parallel groups M (n = 37) and F (n = 83) |
120 subjects Age 40+ (TR 56.6 ± 10.6 TR+GS 58.2 ± 9.3 PL 56.8 ± 10.0 GS 56.8 ± 8.0 years) OA |
1. Age 40+ 2. Diagnosis of knee OA 3. Duration of pain was at least 6 months 4. Radiological evidence of OA grades 2 and 3 |
Polar extract of turmeric rich in polysaccharides and powdering (Turmacin™) | Turmeric extract: 500 mg/capsule twice daily Turmeric extract 500 mg+GS 375 mg/capsule twice daily 42 days |
Placebo (cellulose) 500 mg/capsule twice daily GS 375 mg/capsule twice daily 42 days |
1. PL (n = 29) 2. TR (n = 29) 3. GS (n = 28) 4. TR+GS (n = 24) |
| Belcaro (2014, Italy, 19) | RCT with two parallel groups M (n = 61) and F (n = 63) |
124 subjects Age: no age limits (CR ± GS 56.6 ± 4.7 CN+GS 55.8 ± 5.8 years) OA |
1. To perform the treadmill walking test 2. To understand the WOMAC questionnaire |
Meriva: natural curcuminoid mixture (20%), phosphatidylcholine (40%), and microcrystalline cellulose (40%). Curcuminoid mixture contains curcumin (75%), demethoxycur-cumin (15%), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (10%) |
Meriva 500 mg+ Regenasure (glucosamin) 500 mg Each 1 capsule/day 4 months |
Chondroitin sulfate 400 mg+glucosamine 500 mg 1 capsule/day 4 months |
1. CR+GS (n = 63) 2. GS (n = 61) |
| Panahi (2014, IRAN, 17) | RCT with two parallel groups M (n = 9) and F (n = 31) |
53 subjects Age less than 80 years (CR 57.3 ± 8.8 PL 59.1 ± 17.3 years) OA |
1. Age less than 80 years 2. Degenerative primary knee OA 3. Bilateral OA |
Curcuminoids (C3®complex) with Bioperine pepper extract | C3®complex 500 mg Bioperine 5 mg 3 × /day 6 weeks |
Placebo Inert starch three/day 6 weeks |
1. CR (n = 21) 2. PL (n = 19) |
| Nakagawa (2014, Japan, 20) | RCT with two parallel groups M (n = 9) and F (n = 41) |
50 subjects Age 40+ (CR 71.9 ± 5.3 PL 66.1 ± 7.2) OA |
1. Age 40+ 2. Knee OA 3. Kellgren–Lawrence grades of II or III upon radiographic classification |
Water dispersible powder of curcumin | Theracurmin (180 mg/day, curcuminoids) 6 capsules/day 8 weeks |
Placebo (starch, dextrin, and maltose) 6 capsules/day 8 weeks |
1. CR (n = 18) 2. PL (n = 23) |
| Kuptniratsaikul (2014, Thailand, 18) | RCT with two parallel groups M (n = 35) and F (n = 296) |
331 subjects Age ≥50 (CR 60.3 ± 6.8 IB 60.9 ± 6.9) OA |
1. More than 50 years of age 2. Had primary OA 3. Pains scale ≥5 out of 10 |
Ethanolic extract of turmeric and powdering: curcuminoids (75–85%) | Curcumin extracts 1500 mg/day 4 weeks |
Ibuprofen 1200 mg/day 4 weeks |
1. CR (n = 171) 2. IB (n = 160) |
CN, chondroitin; CR, curcumin; DI, diclofenac sodium; GS, glucosamine; IB, ibuprofen; OA, osteoarthritis; PL, placebo; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RCTs, randomized clinical trials; TR, turmeric extract; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.
a
The number of subjects to be recruited initially.
b
The number of subjects who had participated until the end of the study.