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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 30.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Res. 2015 Jun 23;233(3):352–366. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.002

Table 1.

Instructed-fear/safety paradigm

Brain region Brodmann area Peak coordinate in MNI space (mm)
Peak Z p-corrected (whole brain) Cluster size (mm3)
x y z
Instructed fear vs. Instructed safety
Increase activations
L Lingual gyrus/calcarine cortex 18 -18 -84 -9 5.901 <0.001 25893
R Calcarine cortex 17 12 -93 6 4.229 0.007
R Lingual gyrus 17 9 -90 -6 4.975 <0.001
L Fusiform gyrus, posterior 19 -36 -75 -18 3.943 0.02
L Fusiform gyrus (V4, color area) 19 -33 -72 -12 3.719 0.043
L Inferior frontal gyrus (orbitalis)/orbitofrontal cortex, lateral 47 -33 39 -18 4.545 0.002 2943
R Orbitofrontal cortex, lateral/inferior frontal gyrus (orbitalis) 47 42 39 -12 3.836 0.029 3591
R Orbitofrontal cortex, posterior-lateral 47 33 -9 -9 3.746 0.039 891
L Frontopolar cortex 10 -21 57 12 3.955 0.02 1620
L Middle temporal gyrus 21 -54 6 -30 4.644 0.001 8694
R Middle temporal gyrus 37 63 -60 0 3.736 0.041 2160
R Temporal pole 38 39 9 -24 3.679 0.048 837
Decrease activations
R Supramarginal gyrus 40 42 -30 45 6.237 <0.001 72954
R Postcentral gyrus 3 45 -27 42 5.721 <0.001
L Postcentral gyrus -51 -3 18 4.751 0.001
R Precentral gyrus 6 54 3 21 3.984 0.018
R Posterior-dorsal anterior cingulated cortex/middle cingulate cortex 9 0 33 4.923 <0.001
L Posterior-dorsal anterior cingulated cortex/middle cingulate cortex -6 0 33 4.884 <0.001
R Insula, anterior 39 6 18 4.309 0.005
R Insula, middle-posterior 39 -3 9 4.668 0.001
R Inferior frontal gyrus, opercularis 44 57 12 24 4.152 0.01
R Superior occipital gyrus 7 33 -69 45 4.102 0.012
R Angular gyrus 40 36 -54 42 4.033 0.015
R Precuneus 6 -48 39 3.812 0.032
R Superior temporal gyrus 22 69 -9 3 4.019 0.016
L Middle occipital gyrus/superior occipital gyrus 7 -24 -63 36 4.415 0.004 3321
R Inferior occipital gyrus 19 39 -72 -12 3.806 0.032 756
L Inferior frontal gyrus, triangularis 45 -42 24 12 3.725 0.042 567
Instructed fear vs. baseline
Increase activations
L Calcarine cortex/lingual gyrus 17 -6 -84 0 >8 <0.001 53838
R Calcarine cortex 18 18 -78 6 >8 <0.001
R Lingual gyrus 18/17 6 -84 -9 >8 <0.001
L Fusiform gyrus, posterior 19 -30 -75 -18 7.273 <0.001
L Fusiform gyrus 37 -36 -54 -21 5.447 <0.001
R Fusiform gyrus 37 33 -54 -15 4.525 0.002
R Inferior frontal gyrus, orbitalis 38 48 21 -9 4.865 0.001 8586
R Inferior frontal gyrus, triangularis 45 45 27 6 4.703 0.001
R Insula, anterior 47 45 21 -6 4.484 0.003
L Inferior frontal gyrus, triangularis 47 -45 30 0 4.796 0.001 7479
L Orbitofrontal cortex, posterior-lateral/inferior frontal gyrus, orbitalis 47 -33 24 -9 4.336 0.005
L Orbitofrontal cortex, lateral 47 -36 36 -18 4.158 0.01
R Middle frontal gyrus 46 33 54 27 4.669 0.001 4185
R Superior frontal gyrus 46 24 48 24 4.479 0.003
R Superior medial frontal gyrus 9 6 45 33 4.03 0.015 621
R Precentral gyrus 44 48 12 33 3.749 0.039 1242
L Inferior parietal cortex 2 -57 -27 45 3.998 0.017 729
R Temporal pole, medial 38 33 21 -27 4.314 0.005 3564
R Superior temporal gyrus/rolandic operculum 54 -21 15 4.305 0.006 2241
L Middle temporal gyrus 21 -54 3 -30 3.878 0.025 3510
L Middle temporal gyrus 21 -63 -12 -9 3.874 0.026 2538
R Middle temporal gyrus 22 57 -15 -9 3.973 0.018 4293
R Hippocampus, anterior 20 36 -9 -12 3.945 0.02
Decrease activations
L Lingual gyrus 18 -24 -87 -12 >8 <0.001 5049
L Inferior occipital gyrus 18 -24 -84 -9 >8 <0.001
R Inferior occipital gyrus 19 39 -81 -9 7.268 <0.001 5643
R Middle temporal gyrus 37 48 -69 0 4.017 0.016
R Middle occipital gyrus 19 36 -81 30 5.138 <0.001 5859
R Insula, middle 39 -3 12 5.776 <0.001 17982
R Postcentral gyrus 3 57 -12 36 5.379 <0.001
R Cuneus 18 18 -93 15 4.246 0.007 783
L Precentral gyrus -48 -3 21 4.592 0.002 7452
L Inferior parietal lobule/angular gyrus 7 -36 -72 45 4.689 0.001 5400
L Middle occipital gyrus 7 -27 -60 36 3.904 0.023
R Posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus 31 3 -45 39 4.084 0.012 8775
R Posterior-dorsal anterior cingulated cortex/middle cingulate cortex 12 0 36 3.782 0.035 1296
L Rostral anterior cingulate cortex 11 -9 39 0 3.754 0.038 1053
R Pons, dorsal 3 -36 -42 4.676 0.001 891
L Cerebellum, 7b -15 -69 -39 3.706 0.045 459
Instructed safety vs. baseline
Increase activations
L Calcarine cortex 17 -9 -84 3 >8 <0.001 30159
R Lingual gyrus 18 12 -78 -12 >8 <0.001
R Calcarine cortex 18/17 18 -78 6 >8 <0.001
R Fusiform gyrus 19 30 -75 -12 5.797 <0.001
R Middle occipital gyrus 18 27 -87 3 3.911 0.023
R Dorsal-anterior anterior cingulate cortex 9 12 27 5.201 <0.001 29835
R Posterior-dorsal anterior cingulate Cortex 6 -3 33 4.052 0.014
L Posterior-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex 24 -6 3 33 4.027 0.015
R Anterior insula 47 39 24 6 3.996 0.017
R Inferior frontal gyrus, triangularis 45 45 27 6 3.906 0.023
R Inferior frontal gyrus, opercularis 44 54 15 36 3.779 0.035
L Anterior insula 47 -39 21 3 4.493 0.003 3672
L Superior occipital cortex 19 -18 -69 39 4.896 <0.001 7803
L Precuneus 7 -12 -63 45 4.141 0.01
R Superior occipital cortex 7 33 -72 45 4.139 0.01 486
R Supramarginal gyrus 2,40 45 -33 45 5.336 <0.001 8019
L Supramarginal gyrus 40 -51 -39 33 3.826 0.03 7533
L Fusiform gyrus 37 -36 -54 -21 5.448 <0.001 2592
L Cerebellum, 6 -30 -72 -18 4.118 0.011 648
Decrease activations
L Inferior occipital gyrus/fusiform gyrus (V4, color area) 18 -24 -84 -9 >8 <0.001 12312
L Lingual gyrus 18 -21 -87 -12 >8 <0.001
L Fusiform gyrus 19 -42 -78 -15 5.347 <0.001
L Middle occipital gyrus 19 -33 -81 3 5.31 <0.001
L Calcarine cortex 18 -9 -93 -12 4.104 0.012
R Lingual gyrus 18 24 -87 -12 >8 <0.001 4671
R Inferior occipital gyrus 19 39 -81 -9 6.474 <0.001
R Inferior temporal gyrus, posterior portion 37 15 -69 -3 4.0464 0.013
R Cuneus 17 12 -96 12 7.598 <0.001 4320
R Calcarine cortex 18 3 -93 9 6.126 <0.001
R Lingual gyrus 18 18 -78 -3 3.902 0.024 135
L Middle occipital gyrus 39 -39 -78 33 3.896 0.024 3402
R Orbitofrontal cortex, lateral 47 39 45 -12 4.587 0.002 2538
R Ventral striatum 21 12 -12 4.325 0.005 2673
L Orbitofrontal cortex, lateral 47/11 -33 42 -15 4.035 0.015 2241
L Superior frontal gyrus 9 -12 51 39 4.04 0.015 1377
R Cuneus 0 -66 27 3.897 0.024 918
L Precentral gyrus 6 -42 9 42 4.06 0.014 864
R Inferior temporal gyrus 37 60 -57 -12 3.91 0.023 756

Note: Brain regions showing differential blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) neural activations in schizophrenic patients correlated to persecutory delusion severity (P6 scores) for the contrasts (1) instructed-fear vs. safety, (2) instructed-fear vs. baseline, and (3) instructed-safety vs. baseline as also shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Cluster sizes are reported at a voxel-wise p<0.01, and all voxel-wise p-values are less than 0.0001 at the listed peak coordinates. L, left;