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. 2016 Aug 9;113(34):9486–9491. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1521741113

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Fig. 3. — Relative quantification of bacterial load by qRT-PCR and nodulation response. (A and B) Fold-change over time of bacterial load in S. littoralis larvae, as affected by different doses (µg/cm²) of Cry1Ca, in controls exposed to GFP dsRNA (A) and in immunosuppressed individuals that received a 102 Sl dsRNA treatment (B). The bacterial load resulted significantly influenced by all experimental factors only in the hemolymph (H) environment (dsRNA: F_1, ₁₇₆ = 22.65, P < 0.0001; Cry1Ca: F_3, ₁₇₆ = 45.65, P < 0.0001; time: F_3, ₁₇₆ = 310.36, P < 0.0001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the midgut (M). (C and D) The concurrent nodulation response in controls exposed to GFP dsRNA (C) and in immunosuppressed individuals who received 102 Sl dsRNA treatment (D) clearly evidenced an inverse correlation between bacterial growth and nodulation, which was significantly influenced by both toxin exposure (F_2, ₈₁ = 16.94, P < 0.0001) and gene silencing (F_1, ₈₁ = 30.63, P < 0.0001).