Table 3. Association of telomere length and lifestyle factors.
| All women | Pre-menopausal | Post-menopausal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Adjusted* mean (95% CI) | Adjusted* mean (95% CI) | Adjusted* mean (95% CI) | |||
| BMI (quintiles, kg/m2) | ||||||
| 17.2–22.2 | 1.14 (0.93, 1.38) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.37) | 17.3–21.6 | 1.27 (0.94, 1.65) | 17.2–22.8 | 0.95 (0.70, 1.25) |
| 22.3–24.8 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.16) | 21.7–24.1 | 0.99 (0.70, 1.35) | 22.9–25.5 | 1.33 (1.04, 1.67) |
| 24.9–27.0 | 1.13 (0.91, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.36) | 24.2–26.2 | 0.83 (0.58, 1.14) | 25.6–27.4 | 1.06 (0.79, 1.38) |
| 27.1–30.6 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.31) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.33) | 26.3–29.3 | 1.11 (0.79, 1.48) | 27.5–32.1 | 0.90 (0.66, 1.19) |
| 30.7–48.6 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.20) | 29.4–45.9 | 1.11 (0.81, 1.46) | 32.2–48.6 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.34) |
| p-trend | 0.592 | 0.544 | 0.900 | 0.710 | ||
| rs (p-value) | -0.040 (0.614) | -0.039 (0.628) | -0.039 (0.732) | -0.035 (0.760) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.36) | ||
| Former | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.32) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | ||
| Current | 1.06 (0.81, 1.35) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.20) | 1.22 (0.84, 1.68) | 0.92 (0.61, 1.30) | ||
| p-trend | 0.974 | 0.911 | 0.361 | 0.360 | ||
| rs (p-value) | 0.004 (0.964) | 0.001 (0.994) | -0.074 (0.513) | 0.098 (0.389) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (quintiles, drink/week) | ||||||
| 0–0.2 | 1.15 (0.89, 1.44) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.43) | 0.0–0.2 | 1.28 (0.93, 1.69) | 0.0–0.1 | 1.09 (0.79, 1.43) |
| 0.3–2.0 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.27) | 0.3–3.0 | 0.81 (0.60, 1.05) | 0.2–1.0 | 1.18 (0.92, 1.48) |
| 2.1–5.0 | 0.96 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.16) | 3.1–5.0 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.42) | 1.1–4.0 | 1.08 (0.81, 1.41) |
| 5.1–7.0 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.27) | 5.1–7.0 | 1.09 (0.80, 1.43) | 4.1–7.0 | 0.98 (0.74, 1.25) |
| 7.1–28.0 | 1.07 (0.83, 1.35) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.39) | 7.1–16.0 | 1.27 (0.89, 1.71) | 7.1–28.0 | 0.93 (0.63, 1.30) |
| p-trend | 0.758 | 0.988 | 0.412 | 0.300 | ||
| rs (p-value) | -0.070 (0.377) | -0.055 (0.490) | 0.041 (0.719) | -0.127 (0.260) | ||
| Physical activity (quintiles, MET-hours per week) | ||||||
| Total | ||||||
| 13.0–77.3 | 0.86 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.07) | 23.7–101.6 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.10) | 13.0–56.6 | 0.87 (0.62, 1.16) |
| 77.4–108.7 | 0.92 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.11) | 101.7–124.3 | 1.23 (0.92, 1.59) | 56.7–87.6 | 0.96 (0.71, 1.26) |
| 108.8–125.8 | 1.38 (1.15, 1.63) | 1.37 (1.15, 1.62) | 124.4–146.5 | 1.29 (0.96, 1.67) | 87.7–110.1 | 1.01 (0.74, 1.33) |
| 125.9–158.1 | 1.01 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) | 146.6–169.4 | 0.92 (0.65, 1.26) | 110.2–135.1 | 1.25 (0.95, 1.59) |
| 158.2–317.7 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.36) | 169.5–317.7 | 1.03 (0.75, 1.35) | 135.2–256.7 | 1.23 (0.94, 1.56) |
| p-trend | 0.068 | 0.069 | 0.645 | 0.054 | ||
| rs (p-value) | 0.163 (0.038) | 0.169 (0.033) | 0.056 (0.622) | 0.269 (0.016) | ||
| Occupational | ||||||
| 0.0–5.5 | 0.82 (0.65, 1.01) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.0–57.7 | 1.13 (0.82, 1.49) | 0.0–2.4 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.12) |
| 5.6–60.0 | 1.27 (1.05, 1.51) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.50) | 57.8–72.4 | 0.95 (0.66, 1.30) | 2.5–12.0 | 0.78 (0.51, 1.13) |
| 60.1–76.9 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.23) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.25) | 72.5–82.4 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.30) | 12.1–63.0 | 1.38 (1.08, 1.73) |
| 77.0–99.5 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.12) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.14) | 82.5–108.5 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.35) | 63.1–82.4 | 0.98 (0.72, 1.29) |
| 99.6–265.2 | 1.27 (1.05, 1.51) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.53) | 108.6–265.2 | 1.24 (0.91, 1.63) | 82.5–227.8 | 1.25 (0.96, 1.57) |
| p-trend | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.628 | 0.056 | ||
| rs (p-value) | 0.151 (0.056) | 0.153 (0.054) | 0.051 (0.654) | 0.258 (0.021) | ||
| Physical activity (quintiles, MET-hours per week) | ||||||
| Transportation-related† | ||||||
| 0 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | ||
| >0 | 1.33 (1.11, 1.56) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.55) | 1.45 (1.13, 1.80) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.49) | ||
| p-value | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.361 | ||
| rs (p-value) | 0.192 (0.014) | 0.186 (0.019) | 0.271 (0.015) | 0.094 (0.409) | ||
| Household | ||||||
| 7.1–17.5 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.29) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.30) | 7.1–17.5 | 0.96 (0.70, 1.28) | 8.7–18.2 | 1.19 (0.90, 1.51) |
| 17.6–22.6 | 0.99 (0.79, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.22) | 17.6–21.0 | 0.94 (0.66, 1.28) | 18.3–24.2 | 1.03 (0.77, 1.34) |
| 22.7–35.8 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.27) | 21.1–36.7 | 1.32 (0.98, 1.71) | 24.3–35.2 | 0.81 (0.57, 1.09) |
| 35.9–53.6 | 1.20 (0.98, 1.44) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.43) | 36.8–52.5 | 1.15 (0.83, 1.54) | 35.3–53.6 | 1.21 (0.92, 1.55) |
| 53.7–148.6 | 0.99 (0.79, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.21) | 52.6–113.9 | 0.94 (0.67, 1.25) | 53.7–148.6 | 1.07 (0.80, 1.38) |
| p-trend | 0.913 | 0.882 | 0.824 | 0.890 | ||
| rs (p-value) | 0.040 (0.610) | 0.038 (0.638) | 0.084 (0.460) | -0.009 (0.938) | ||
| Recreational | ||||||
| 0.0–3.8 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.10) | 0.0–5.2 | 1.17 (0.85, 1.55) | 0.0–3.3 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.20) |
| 3.9–9.4 | 1.11 (0.90, 1.34) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.34) | 5.3–11.0 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.41) | 3.4–8.8 | 1.15 (0.87, 1.47) |
| 9.5–19.0 | 1.14 (0.93, 1.37) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) | 11.1–19.5 | 0.94 (0.65, 1.28) | 8.9–14.5 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.48) |
| 19.1–27.9 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.17) | 19.6–34.6 | 1.03 (0.75, 1.37) | 14.6–27.4 | 1.08 (0.81, 1.39) |
| 28.0–104.8 | 1.10 (0.89, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) | 34.7–104.8 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.45) | 27.5–61.9 | 1.04 (0.77, 1.36) |
| p-trend | 0.810 | 0.875 | 0.896 | 0.830 | ||
| rs (p-value) | 0.023 (0.775) | 0.020 (0.806) | 0.019 (0.869) | 0.042 (0.714) | ||
Adjusted means and p-trend values from the general linear models (GLM)
* Adjusted for: age and menopausal status, when applicable
†: Dichotomous categories (0: n = 125; >0: n = 37); rs: Spearman correlation coefficient; BMI: Body mass index; MET-hours: Metabolic equivalent hours of activity