Table 1.

Different types of covalent attachment methods used for glycan arrays.

Type of Interaction	Type of Reaction	Details of Immobilization	Reference
Covalent	Condensation	Unmodified carbohydrates onto hydrazide surfaces.	[22,40,41,42]
Covalent	Michael Addition	Malemide-linked carbohydrates and thiol-coated glass slides.	[27,43]
Covalent	Epoxide opening	Covalently attach carbohydrates, glycoproteins and neoglycoconjugates to glass slides.	[44,45,46]
Covalent	Amide coupling	–	–
Covalent	Diels-Alder reaction	Covalent immobilization of glycans by cycloaddition.	[31]
Covalent	Carbene	Covalent immobilization of glycans by insertion.	[35]
Covalent	Radical coupling	Covalent immobilization of unmodified glycans by insertion.	[47]