Novel Biological or Vaccine Agents in Clinical Testing for Smoking Cessation ^(53,55)

Vaccine	Sponsor	Clinical trial Phase	Results
NicVax ( Bacterial exoprotein Conjugate vaccine)	Nabi Biopharmaceuticals	III	The preliminary results of the trials showed that the primary endpoint of 16 weeks abstinence measured at 12 months was not met; there was no statistically difference between the NicVAXW and placebo group (56)
NIC002 (Nicotine Qbeta or CYT002-NicQb)	Novartis	II	Interim analysis showed that the primary endpoint (continuous abstinence from smoking from weeks 8–12 after start of treatment) was not achieved, possibly because NIC002 failed to induce sufficiently high antibody titers. (57,58)
TA-NIC (a recombinant cholera toxin conjugate vaccine)	Celtic Pharma	II	Not declared
SEL-068 (Synthetically engineered nanoparticle)	Selecta Biosciences	I	Not declared