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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2016 Aug 5;37(9):597–607. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.005

Figure 1. Cytokine Regulation of Tuberculosis Infection by Helminths.

Figure 1

The cytokine responses engendered by relatively acute (early) and chronic helminth infections are depicted on the left, while the cytokine responses induced in latent or active tuberculosis is shown on the right. Type 1 cytokines are represented in red, type 2 cytokines in blue and regulatory cytokines in black. The size of the box represents the magnitude of the response. Thus, helminth infections predominantly induce type 2 and regulatory responses, while tuberculosis infection and disease is predominantly type 1, or pro-inflammatory, with different degrees of magnitude. IFN: Interferon, TGF, Transforming growth factor; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor